Index

k

kæ˧ʈʂe˧ kæ˧ʈʂɯ˧ kɤ˧dzi˧ kɤ˧kɤ˩ kɤ˧ljɤ˩ kɤ˧mi˧ kɤ˧mi˧ kɤ˧mv˧˥ kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ kɤ˧v#˥ kɤ˧wɤ#˥ kɤ˧zo#˥ kɤ˧zo˧-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ kɤ˩ kɤ˩ a kɤ˩~kɤ˧˥ kɤ˩lo˧˥ kɤ˩-nɑ˧mi˧ kɤ˩pʰv˩ kɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ kɤ˩zo˩ kɤ˩zo˩ kɤ˧˥ kɤ˧˥ a kɤ˧˥ a kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩ kɤ˩˧ ki˥ a ki˧ a ki˧li˥ ki˧zo#˥ ki˧zo˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ ki˧zo˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ ki˩ a ki˩mi˧ ki˩tɑ#˥ ki˩ti#˥ ko˥ ko˧ a ko˧ɖæ#˥ ko˧li#˥ ko˧no˧-ʁo#˥ ko˧sɯ#˥ ko˩ a ko˩dze˧ ko˩dʑo˩ ko˩ɖʐo˩ ko˧˥ ko˧˥ kɯ˥ kɯ˥ kɯ˧ kɯ˧ b kɯ˧ɭɯ˧ kɯ˧qʰæ˧ʂe˧˥ kɯ˩ a kɯ˩ɻ˧ kv˥ kv˧dʑɯ˧˥ kv˧ʝi˥$ kv˧ʝi˥ kv˧lv˧lv˥ kv˧ɲi˥ kv˧ʁo˧bv˥ kv˧ʂe˥$ kv˧tsʰɑ˥$ kv˧tsʰɤ˩ kv˧ʈʂɯ˧˥ kv˩ a kv˩ a kv˩kv˩ kv˩nɑ˧˥ kv˩tɑ˩ kv˧˥ kv˧˥ b kwɑ˧fæ˩ kwɑ˧tsʰɑ˧ kwæ˧fæ˥ kwæ˧pæ˥ kwæ˧tsɯ˧ kwɤ˧ɭɯ˩ kwɤ˧pɤ˧ kwɤ˩ a kwɤ˩ a kwɤ˩ a kwɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ kwɤ˩to˥ kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ kʰɤ˧mi˥$ kʰɤ˧ʂɯ˧ kʰɤ˧zo˥$ kʰɤ˩njɤ˩~kʰɤ˧njɤ˧ kʰɤ˧˥ kʰɤ˧˥ kʰɤ˧˥ a kʰi˥ kʰi˥ kʰi˥ kʰi˧bɤ#˥ kʰi˧-bv˧lv˩ -kʰi˧~kʰi˧ kʰi˧mi˧ kʰi˧-qʰwɤ˩ kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ kʰi˧˥ kʰo˥ kʰo˧lo˧ kʰɯ˧di˧˥ kʰɯ˧dv#˥ kʰɯ˧dʑɯ˧˥ kʰɯ˧pi˧ kʰɯ˧pʰv˩ kʰɯ˧tʰo˧˥ kʰɯ˧tʰv#˥ kʰɯ˧tsɯ˧bæ˥ kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧˥ kʰɯ˧ʈʂæ˧˥ kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ kʰɯ˧ʐɯ˥$ kʰɯ˩ kʰɯ˩ b kʰɯ˩pv˩ kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ kʰɯ˧˥ kʰɯ˧˥ kʰɯ˧˥ kʰv˥ kʰv˥ kʰv˥ kʰv˥ kʰv˧bv˧˥ kʰv˧kwæ˧ kʰv˧kʰv˩ kʰv˧mæ˧ kʰv˧mv˥ kʰv˧nɑ˥ kʰv˧pʰæ˧ kʰv˧-pʰo˥ kʰv˧pʰv#˥ kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧˥ kʰv˧sɯ˧sɯ˩ kʰv˧ʂæ˧˥ kʰv˧ʂɯ˥ kʰv˧tɕʰi˥$ kʰv˧tsʰi˧-bo˥tsʰi˩ kʰv˧zo#˥ kʰv˧zo˥$ kʰv˧zo˧ | -bo˩zo˧ kʰv˩-kʰɤ˩ kʰv˩mi˩ kʰv˩tsɤ˩mi˥ kʰv˧˥ kʰv˧˥ a kʰwæ˧hwæ˩ kʰwæ˧ɻæ#˥ kʰwɤ˥ a kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧ kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧-mo˧˥

kæ˧ʈʂe˧ noun Tone: M. From: Chinese:干针 . 干针::acupuncture. 针灸（ 借词：干针） . medicine. kæ˧ʈʂe˧ lɑ˧˥ to do an acupuncture session, to use acupuncture needles 扎针灸 kæ˧ʈʂɯ˧ noun Tone: M. From: Chinese 甘蔗 . sugar_cane. 甘蔗. plant. kɤ˧dzi˧ verb Tone: M. to_take_a_seat. 坐下（在饭桌）. verb. ɑ˩ʁo˧-hĩ˧ | kɤ˧dzi˧-ze˧. The members of the family took their seats / got seated. 家人入座了。 kɤ˧kɤ˩ adverb Tone: L#. close_to. 挨着. morphosyntax. (tso˧~tso˧) kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ to arrange, to put in good order 摆整齐、使均匀，如：一排排挨着 kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-se˥ to walk in a line, one behind the other 并排走 kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to sit close to one another 挨着坐 kɤ˧ljɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. From: Chinese 高粱 . 高粱::sorghum. 高粱（ 借词） . plant. See: hæ˧ɭɯ#˥ kɤ˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: mi˩ female_falcon. 母隼. animal. kɤ˩mi˩-kɤ˩pʰv˥ female falcon and male falcon 母隼与公隼 kɤ˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ large_bottle. 大坛子. object. kɤ˧mv˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. Gemu_mountain. 格母山. place name. ɬi˧di˩-kɤ˩mv˩ Mount Gemu, in Yongning 永宁格姆山 kɤ˧mv˧-hæ̃˧kʰo˥ the Gemu princess: another name for Mount Gemu, considered as a female deity 格姆公主：格姆山别名（格姆山被看作女神） kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | The six mountains of Yongning that carry a name and have a definite symbolic value. The other mountains do not have comparable symbolic value, and fewer people use specific names for them. 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它山，没有重要的象征意义，因此也没有固定名称。 kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ verb Tone: L#. to_tell. 讲. language. hĩ˧-ki˧ | tʰɑ˧-kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩! Don't tell it! / Don't tell anyone! 不要告诉人家！ kɤ˧-tʰɑ˥-ʈʂɯ˩! Don't tell it! / Don't tell anyone! 不要告诉人家！ njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩-bi˩! I'm going to (jump in and) say something! 我要说一点事情！ no˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ dʑo˩-ɲi˩! You have to say something! 你得说话啊！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ | dʑɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-mv˧-sɯ˥! / ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ dʑɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-mv˧~mv˧-sɯ˥! She does not really understand yet! (About a toddler aged 2 who does not yet speak distinctly or follow conversations) 她还不怎么听得懂话！（关于一个不会说话的两岁小孩） tʰɑ˧-kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩! | hĩ˧ ɳv˧ tʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩! Don't talk about it! Don't let people know! 不要告诉（人家）！别让人家知道！ hĩ˧-ki˧ | kɤ˧-mɤ˧-ʈʂɯ˩ not to tell people; (to do something secretly) without telling anyone 不跟人家说（自己做什么事） kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ ɲi˩ well-behaved, obedient (child) (literally: who listens to what (s)he is told) 听话，乖（来形容一个孩子） See: kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩2 kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ speech. 话. kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ ʝi˩ to promise; to make an oath; also: to swear before the gods: when people had a disagreement that they were unable to settle, they would go to the monastery and present their point of view before the gods, swearing that they were telling the truth; the gods would then punish the guilty one (through plagues and misfortunes). 答应，誓、发誓。两个人发生矛盾的时候，如果无法协调，他们会去大寺，在神像前讲述他们各自的观点，发誓他们自己讲的是真的。神会惩罚说谎的人（他家会有祸害）。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩-ʝi˩ (s)he promises 他答应 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ | mɤ˧-ʝi˥! (s)he has not promised! 他没有答应！ See: kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩1 kɤ˧v#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ amulet. 护符. clothing. kɤ˧wɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. predestination. 缘分. abstract. kɤ˧wɤ˧-ljɤ˧˥ to have a predestined affinity; to have a common destiny 有缘分、有共同命运 kɤ˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. masculine_given_name. 男性名字. given name. kɤ˧zo˧-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ noun Tone: °L. masculine_given_name. 男性名字. given name. kɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ bottle. 瓶子. object. ʐɯ˧-kɤ˩ wine bottle 酒瓶 ʐɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-kɤ˩ one bottle of wine 一瓶酒 kɤ˩ a classifier Tone: La. clf .bottles . 量词 .瓶 . classifier. kɤ˩zo˩˥ small bottle 一小瓶 ʈʂʰɯ˧-kɤ˥ dem _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ kɤ˩~kɤ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_tap. 敲/拍. verb. kʰi˧ kɤ˥~kɤ˩ to knock at the door 敲门 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˧ | kɤ˩~kɤ˧-bi˥! I am going to slap your buttocks! (An adult threatens a child.) 我要打你屁股了！（大人对孩子说） ʈʂo˧tsɯ˥ kɤ˩~kɤ˩ (-ze˩/-bi˩) to tap the table, to rap on the table 拍拍桌子 gv˧dv˧ kɤ˧~kɤ˩ to tap someone's back (to relieve back pain) 敲敲背 See: kɤ˧˥ kɤ˩lo˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: kɤ˧˥ branch. 树枝. plant. si˧dzi˩-kɤ˩lo˩ branch of tree 树枝 si˧-kɤ˥lo˩ as above 同上 kɤ˩-nɑ˧mi˧ noun Tone: L-. classifier: mi˩ eagle. 老鹰. animal. kɤ˩pʰv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: mi˩ male_falcon. 公隼. animal. kɤ˩pʰv˩-kɤ˩mi˥ male falcon and female falcon 公隼与母隼 kɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ noun Tone: L-#H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_bell_hung_to_neck. 铃铛. object. kɤ˩zo˩ noun Tone: L. baby_falcon. 小隼. animal. kɤ˩zo˩ noun Tone: L. small_bottle. 小瓶子. object. kɤ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_knock. 敲门. verb. tʰi˧-kɤ˧˥ dur dur See: kɤ˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .sticks . 量词 .树枝 . classifier. si˧-kɤ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-kɤ˧˥ a branch (of a tree) 一根树枝 kɤ˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .tracts_of_land . 量词 .地 . classifier. kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩ noun Tone: MH+L. family_name. 一个姓. given name. kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩=ɻ˩ the /kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩/ clan |fv /kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩/ 家族 /kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩/ 家族 kɤ˩˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ falcon. 隼. animal. kɤ˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...bought (a) falcon 买了隼 kɤ˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ ...ate (a) falcon 吃了隼 ki˥ a classifier Tone: Ha. together. 量词 .一起 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-ki˥ together 一起（共事） ɖɯ˧-ki˧ tʰv˧ to arrive together/at the same time 同时到达 ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧-ɳɯ˧ tsʰɯ˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-ki˧ tʰv˧! Coming from the same place, we arrive together! 从一个地方，一起到！ ɖɯ˧-ki˧ dzi˧˥ to live together 住在一起 ki˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_give. 给. verb. ki˧~ki˩ red 重叠 tso˧~tso˧-ki˩ to give things 给东西 tso˧~tso˧ ki˧~ki˥ to give things 给东西 hĩ˧-ki˧ ki˩ 1. to give to someone. 2. to give oneself (in marriage) to someone, to marry someone (for a woman) 1.许配给人家。2.嫁给人 hĩ˧-ki˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-ki˧ to be generous, to be open-handed 大方 hĩ˧-ki˧ ki˩ fv˩ to like to make gifts, to like to give things to people 爱送礼，爱给别人送东西 pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ ki˧ (-bi˧) to offer gifts 送礼物 hɑ˧ ki˩ to feed, to give food 喂饭 ki˧li˥ adverb Tone: H#-LM+#H. in_a_mess. 乱七八糟. abstract. ki˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. unisex_given_name. 男女通用名. given name. ki˧zo˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ noun Tone: °L. feminine_given_name. 女性名字. given name. ki˧zo˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ noun Tone: °L. feminine_given_name. 女性名字. given name. ki˩ a verb Tone: La. to_put_on. 穿上. verb. ɬi˧qʰwɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ki˩ to put on trousers 穿上裤子 dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˧ ki˩ to put on a pair of shoes 穿上一双鞋 ʈʰæ˩ ki˩˥ 'to put on a skirt'; this is the name of the ritual of entry into adulthood, after a girl has reached age 13 “穿裙”：这是成年礼的名称（穿裙礼：女孩满13岁，即为成人） ɬi˧ ki˥ 'to put on trousers'; this is the name of the ritual of entry into adulthood, after a boy has reached age 13 “穿裤”：这是成年礼的名称（穿裤礼：男孩满了13岁，即为成人） ki˩mi˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ large_fly. 绿头苍蝇. animal. ki˩tɑ#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. treasure_bag. 财物皮袋. object. æ˧-tse˥pʰæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ki˩tɑ˩ a bag of bronze coins 一袋铜币 ki˩ti#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: kʰɯ˩ leather_belt. 皮腰带. clothing. ko˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hill. 小山. natural environment. ko˧ a classifier Tone: Ma. clf .small_object . 量词 .小东西 . classifier. ko˧ɖæ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Tibetan sku-vdra(sku-'dra). sculpture_of_Buddha. 佛像. religion. ko˧ɖæ˧-zo˧ small statue of Buddha 小佛像 ko˧li#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ blow_tube. 吹火筒. object. ko˧no˧-ʁo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ mountain_ridge. 山梁. natural environment. ko˧sɯ#˥ noun Tone: #H. From: Chinese 公司 . 公司::shop. 商店、小卖部（°借词：公司）. society. ko˩ a verb Tone: La. to_warm_oneself. 取暖. verb. mv˧ ko˥ to warm oneself at a fire 烤火取暖 le˧-ko˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 烤火了 ɲi˧mi˧ ko˩ to bask in the sun 晒太阳 ɲi˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-ko˩-ɻ˩ to bask in the sun for a while 晒晒太阳 ɲi˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-ko˧~ko˥-ɻ˩ to bask in the sun for a while 晒晒太阳 ko˩dze˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ dove. 鸽子. animal. ko˩dʑo˩ noun peacock. 孔雀. animal. ko˩ɖʐo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: nɑ˧ flail. 连枷. object. ko˧˥ adverb Tone: MH. From: Chinese 过 . 过::too_much. 过[于]（ 借词） . morphosyntax. ko˧˥ verb Tone: MH. From: Chinese 过 . 过::to_happen. 过（ 借词） . verb. kɯ˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ gallbladder. 胆. body. gall. 胆汁. kɯ˥ adjective Tone: H. tight/tense. 紧. adjective. le˧-tsɯ˥ | le˧-kɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ to attach tightly, to attach so that it will be quite tight 绑紧 le˧-kɯ˥-se˩ accomp _ pfv 紧了 kɯ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧, kɯ˧ classifier: objets ronds star. 星星. natural environment. mv˧ʁo˥ | kɯ˧ there are stars in the sky, one can see stars 天上有星星、天上看得见星星 nɑ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˥, | kɯ˧ mɤ˧-li˧! | di˧mi˧-lɑ˧ li˥! The Na do not look at the stars! They only look at the plain (=at the plain of Yongning)! (A comment by the consultant about her lack of knowledge of the names of stars and constellations.) 摩梭呢，不看星星，只看平坝（=永宁坝子）！（合作人说明为什么她不知道星星、星座的名字：摩梭人本来对天文不太感兴趣。） kɯ˧ b classifier Tone: Mb. clf .stars . 量词 .星星 . classifier. kɯ˧ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: dze˩ spirit. 神. society. kɯ˧ɭɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-dze˩ a pair of (good) spirits, two (good) spirits 两个（好）神 kɯ˧qʰæ˧ʂe˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ʂɯ˩ classifier: fois comet. 流星. natural environment. kɯ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_ignore_someone_who_needs_help. 不理需要帮忙的人. verb. hĩ˧ kɯ˥ same meaning 同上 hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | kɯ˩-kv˥! People will sometimes ignore you when you are in need! / (You will realize that, in cases where you need help) people will sometimes ignore you and leave you alone with your difficulties! 人家在你需要帮忙的时候就会不理你的！（如果处不好关系，人家对你没有什么好感，到时候你需要帮忙他们就不理你了。） kɯ˩-mɤ˩-kv˥! (They) are not going to help you! / You're not going to get any help (from them)! 人家在你需要帮忙的时候就会不理你的！ hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | kɯ˩-tʰɑ˩-kʰɯ˥! Don't (behave in such a way as to) let people ignore you when you are in need! (Explanation: one should build trust for oneself, making others feel real trust and gratitude, so that they will help as a matter of course when the need for it arises; otherwise they will ignore us when we are in need of help.) 别让人家（在你需要帮忙的时候）不理你！ njɤ˧ | no˩ kɯ˩-hĩ˥ mɤ˩-ɲi˩! | njɤ˧ | no˧-ki˧ | dʑɤ˩-so˥-ɲi˩! I am not neglecting you at all! (On the contrary) I am teaching you good things / I am doing my best to teach you! (Context: a student considers himself neglected by a teacher; the teacher realizes that the student is dissatisfied, and provides a clarification.) 我不是不重视你！（刚好相反：）我是用心教你的 / 我努力教你最好的！（情景：一名学生认为老师忽视他，老师发现学生不高兴，就说明。） kɯ˩ɻ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: nɑ˧ erhu. 胡琴. music. kɯ˩ɻ˧ ʈɤ˧ to play erhu 拉二胡 kv˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ classifier: tsʰɤ˧˥ classifier: gousse; tête garlic. 大蒜. plant. kv˧dʑɯ˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: nɑ˧ tent. 帐篷. house. kv˧dʑɯ˧ lɑ˥ to put up a tent, to set up a tent 安装帐篷、搭建帐篷 kv˧ʝi˥$ noun Tone: H$. lifetime. 生命. abstract. kv˧ʝi˥ adverb Tone: H#. really. 真的. morphosyntax. kv˧lv˧lv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ garlic_braid. 蒜瓣. plant. kv˧ɲi˥ adjective Tone: H#. empty. 空. adjective. bi˩ʁo˧ | kv˧ɲi˥-kʰɯ˩ to empty (someone's) purse, i.e. to take someone's money （把一个人的）钱包弄空 tɕʰɯ˩ di˩-hɯ˩˥, | mɤ˧-ɖɯ˧, | kv˧ɲi˥ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩! He went to hunt the muntjac, but did not kill any, and came back empty-handed! 他去狩猎，没得（任何猎物），空手回来！ kv˧ʁo˧bv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: kɤ˧˥ garlic_sprouts. 蒜苗. plant. kv˧ʂe˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: mi˩ flea. 跳蚤. animal. kv˧tsʰɑ˥$ noun Tone: H$. family_name. 一个姓. given name. kv˧tsʰɑ˧=ɻ˥$ the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ clan, the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ family |fv /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ 家族 /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ 家族 kv˧tsʰɑ˧=ɻ˧ pi˥-zo˩! They were called "the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ family"! 人家把他们称作“|fv /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ 家族”！ /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ 家族”！ kv˧tsʰɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: tsʰɤ˧˥ garlic_head. 蒜头. plant. kv˧ʈʂɯ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ nail. 指甲. body. kv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_gather. 捡起来/拾. verb. kv˧~kv˥ red 重叠 gɤ˩-kv˧~kv˥ to pick up (something that was on the ground) 捡起来（地上的东西） le˧-kv˧~kv˥ to pick up (something that was on the ground) 捡起来（地上的东西） to_fish. 钓鱼. verb. ɲi˧zo˧ kv˥ to fish 钓鱼 kv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_cross. 过. verb. ʈʂʰwæ˩ kv˥ to cross (a river) in a boat 坐船过（河） kv˩kv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ cheekbone. 颧骨. body. See: njɤ˧kv˩ kv˩nɑ˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: tsʰi˥ silk. 丝绸. clothing. kv˩nɑ˧-bɑ˧lɑ˥ silk garment 丝绸衣服 kv˩tɑ˩ verb Tone: L. to_group. 集中. verb. kv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_be_able_to. 会. verb. kv˧˥ b classifier Tone: MHb. clf .persons . 量词 .人 . classifier. kwɑ˧fæ˩ noun Tone: L#. From: Chinese 官房 . 官方::hotel_name. 官房（ 借词） . society. kwɑ˧fæ˩ the abridged name of a five-star hotel where one of the main consultant's daughters works 丽江官房大酒店的简称。注：发音合作人的女儿在丽江官房大酒店工作。 kwɑ˧tsʰɑ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Chinese 棺材 . 棺材::coffin. 棺材（ 借词） . object. kwɑ˧tsʰɑ˧, | hĩ˧-mo˩-kʰɯ˩-di˩ ɲi˩! The coffin is the thing in which the corpse is put! / The coffin is the thing to put the corpse! 棺材，是装尸体的！ / 棺材，是用来装尸体的！ kwæ˧fæ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ medium_sized_beam. 中等大小的梁. house. kwæ˧pæ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: nɑ˧ harrow. 耙. object. kwæ˧tsɯ˧ noun Tone: M. From: Chinese 瓜子 . 瓜子::sunflower_seed. 葵花瓜籽（ 借词） . plant. kwɤ˧ɭɯ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ jug/treasure. 坛子/宝贝. object. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˧ kwɤ˧ɭɯ˩ ɲi˩! (S)he is my treasure! (About a child) 他是我宝贝！（母亲说孩子是她的宝贝） kwɤ˧pɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ explanation. 解释. abstract. kwɤ˧pɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ lɑ˩ to provide an explanation, to teach something 解释一个道理、教一件事 kwɤ˧pɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-lɑ˩-ɻ˩ As above: to provide an explanation, to teach something 同上：解释一个道理、教一件事 kwɤ˧pɤ˧ lɑ˧˥ to teach 教、解释 kwɤ˩ a classifier Tone: La. clf .clusters/strings . 量词 .串 . classifier. kv˧ | ɖɯ˧-kwɤ˩ a braid of garlic 一辫大蒜 lɑ˧tsɯ˥ | ɖɯ˧-kwɤ˩ a braid of hot peppers 一辫辣椒 ʈʂʰɯ˧-kwɤ˥ dem _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ kwɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_throw_away. 扔. verb. mv˩tɕo˧ kwɤ˩ to throw away (rubbish) 扔掉（垃圾） tso˧~tso˧ kwɤ˥ to throw stuff away 扔东西 kwɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_manage. 管（ 借词） . verb. ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ kwɤ˥ to supervise a bit 管一些 kwɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ noun Tone: L-#H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_bell. 铃铛. object. kwɤ˩to˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: ɭɯ˧ jawbone. 颌骨. body. kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ verb to_spend. 花掉. verb. kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧-ze˩! pfv 花掉了！ le˧-kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ | le˧-se˩-kʰɯ˩ to spend all the money, to spend all the money up 全部都花完 mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | ɖwæ˩-mɤ˧-zo˧! | tʰi˧-ʂe˧ tʰi˧-kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧-tsæ˥-ɲi˩! If we have nothing/if we are poor, we should not worry! Go ahead: earn some money and spend it! (This is one of the teachings of the elders: money is something that circulates, not something to be accumulated for its own sake.) 如果没有（钱），不用担心！要赚也要花！（这是长辈的一个教诲：钱赚了又花、花了又赚，不是来积累的。） kʰɤ˧mi˥$ noun Tone: $H. classifier: kʰɤ˧˥ large_basket_carried_on_the_back. 大背篓. object. kʰɤ˧ʂɯ˧ verb Tone: M. From: Chinese 开始 . 开始::to_begin. 开始（ 借词） . verb. kʰɤ˧zo˥$ noun Tone: $H. classifier: kʰɤ˧˥ small_basket_carried_on_the_back. 小背篓. object. kʰɤ˩njɤ˩~kʰɤ˧njɤ˧ adjective Tone: L-. supple(movement). 柔软（动作）. adjective. kʰɤ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_put_out. 灭（火）. verb. See: hɑ̃˧˥1 kʰɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: kʰɤ˧˥ basket_carried_on_back. 背篓. object. kʰɤ˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .baskets . 量词 .筐 . classifier. kʰi˥ verb Tone: H. to_separate. 拆开/分离. verb. sɑ˧ | le˧-kʰi˥ to separate linen fibres (to make thread) 拆开粗麻（为了纺出细麻线） kʰi˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ̩pɤ˩ door. 门. house. kʰi˧-zo#˥ small door 小门 kʰi˥ noun Tone: #H. edge. 边. natural environment. kʰi˧bɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ threshold. 门槛. house. kʰi˧-bv˧lv˩ noun Tone: °L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hinge. 合页. house. See: -kʰi˧~kʰi˧ postposition Tone: #H. near. 周围. space. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-kʰi˧~kʰi˧ near the house, in the vicinity of the house 房子周围 njɤ˧-bv˧ | kʰi˧~kʰi˧ near me, around me 我的周围 ʐɤ˩mi˩-kʰi˩~kʰi˩ se˩˥ to walk on the roadside, to walk by the side of the road 走在马路边 kʰi˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: pɤ˩ main_door. 大门. house. kʰi˧-qʰwɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hinge. 门的合页. house. Syn: kʰi˧-bv˧lv˩ kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ noun Tone: L#-. poisonous_mushroom_sp. 一种有毒的菌子. plant. ʈʂæ˧mo˧-kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ same meaning 同上 Syn: ʈʂæ˧mo#˥ kʰi˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_leave. pst . 走.°过去式. verb. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | zo˩qo˧ kʰi˧? Where has (s)he gone to? / Where has (s)he left for? 他到哪里去了？ no˧ | tsʰi˧ɲi˧ | ɑ˩pʰo˩˥ | ə˩-kʰi˩˥? Did you go outside today? / Did you take a stroll today? 你今天出去了吗？ kʰo˥ verb Tone: H. to_spread. 铺. verb. kʰwæ˧ɻæ˧ kʰo˧ to spread a mat 铺垫子 kʰo˧lo˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ prayer_wheel. 转经筒. religion. kʰɯ˧di˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ container. 容器. object. kʰɯ˧dv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ cripple. 跛. society. kʰɯ˧dv˧-hĩ˧ cripple 跛 kʰɯ˧dv˧-tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧ lame demon 跛鬼 kʰɯ˧dʑɯ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: dzi˧ classifier: paire puttee. 裹腿. clothing. kʰɯ˧pi˧ verb to_stumble. 绊. verb. njɤ˧ kʰɯ˧pi˧-ze˧! I have stumbled! 我绊了一跤！ kʰɯ˧pʰv˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: v˧ Chinese, Han. 汉族. ethnic groups. kʰɯ˧tʰo˧˥ noun Tone: H#. : dze˩ chains. 脚链. object. kʰɯ˧tʰo˧ kʰɯ˥ to put chains (on someone's feet) 戴上脚链（在一个人的脚上） kʰɯ˧tʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: dze˩ pedal_of_loom. 织布机的踏板. object. kʰɯ˧tsɯ˧bæ˥ noun Tone: H#. calfband. 绑腿布. clothing. kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: pʰo˧˥ leg. 腿/脚. body. kʰɯ˧ʈʂæ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ʈʂæ˧˥ ankle. 踝关节. body. kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ʈv˩ / ɭɯ˧ chicken_feet. 鸡爪. animal. kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只鸡爪 kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ˧ tʰv˧-ʈv˥# n + dem + clf 这只鸡爪 kʰɯ˧ʐɯ˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: qʰwɤ˧˥ classifier: bol light_rice_wine. 黄酒. food. kʰɯ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kʰɯ˩ classifier: objets longs thread. 线. clothing. kʰɯ˩ b classifier Tone: Lb. clf .threads . 量词 .根/条 . classifier. kʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ a thread of string 一根线 zɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ a blade of grass 一根草 bæ˩ ɖɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ a thread of rope 一条绳子 kʰɯ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-kʰɯ˧˥ this thread (note: irregular tone pattern) 这根线 kʰɯ˩pv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ shuttle. 梭子. clothing. See: pv˧qʰwɤ˥ kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ʈv˩ root. 根. plant. si˧dzi˩-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ tree root 树根 kʰɯ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. put_into. 放. verb. kʰɯ˩~kʰɯ˧˥ red red qwɤ˧-qo˧ | si˧ tʰi˧-kʰɯ˧˥ to add wood into the fire 放木头在火中 to_allow/ caus . 让/ 使动 . verb. kʰv˩mi˩-zɯ˩~zɯ˩˥, | le˧-ɖæ˥-kʰɯ˩! | hĩ˧-zɯ˧~zɯ˥, | le˧-ʂæ˧-kʰɯ˥! Dog's lifespan was made shorter, and man's lifespan was made longer! (A summary of the legend "How dog and man exchanged their lifespans".) 够的寿命，变短了/使得变短！（而）人的寿命，变长了/使得变长！（《狗和人交换寿命》故事的一个提要） hwæ˧ kʰɯ˧ ə˥-bi˩? | - hwæ˧ kʰɯ˧-bi˥! Do you agree to buy? - Yes! （你）让买吗？ - 让买！ tɕʰi˧ kʰɯ˧ ə˥-bi˩? Do you agree to sell? （你）让卖吗？ dzɯ˧ kʰɯ˩ ə˩-bi˩? Do you agree to eat? （你）让吃吗？ tɕi˩ kʰɯ˥ ə˩-bi˩? Do you agree to write? （你）让写吗？ ʈʰɯ˩ kʰɯ˩ ə˥-bi˩? Do you agree to drink? （你）让喝吗？ ʐv˧ kʰɯ˥ ə˩-bi˩? Do you agree to sew? （你）让缝吗？ kʰɯ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_throw. 甩/扔. verb. le˧-kʰɯ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 甩了 lv˧mi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ to throw a stone 扔石头 kʰɯ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_wear. 戴（手镯）. verb. le˧-kʰɯ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 戴了 lo˩dʑo˧ kʰɯ˩ to wear a bracelet 戴手镯 kʰv˥ verb Tone: H. to_cut/to_harvest. 割（草）. verb. le˧-kʰv˥-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 割了 zɯ˧-kʰv˧ to cut grass 割草 kʰv˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ nest. 巢. animal. kʰv˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只鸟巢 kʰv˥ verb Tone: H. to_steal. 偷. verb. hĩ˧-bv˧ tso˧~tso˧ kʰv˧ to steal someone's stuff, to steal someone else's property 偷别人的东西 kʰv˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: mi˩ classifier: v˧ classifier: jɤ˧˥ dog. 狗. animal. kʰv˧-ʂe˧ dzɯ˧ to eat dog meat (a practice which is strongly antagonistic to Na culture, which considers dog as man's benefactor) 吃狗肉 kʰv˧-zɯ˧~zɯ˥ dog's existence, dog's life (which dog exchanged with man, according to the legend) 狗的生命（传说狗与人交换了生命） kʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# n + dem + clf 那条狗 kʰv˧-gɤ˥ljɤ˩ roving dog 流浪狗 kʰv˧bv˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ doghouse. 狗窝. house. kʰv˧kwæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Chinese 苦瓜 . 苦瓜::bitter_melon. 苦瓜. plant. kʰv˧kʰv˩ noun Tone: L#. year_of_the_dog. 狗年. time. kʰv˧mæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ robber. 强盗. society. kʰv˧mæ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ˧ person who robs, robber 当强盗的人=强盗 kʰv˧mæ˧-ni˩-zo˩! | hĩ˧ lɑ˩-ho˩! He's like a bandit! He may hit people! 他像强盗似的！会打人的！ kʰv˧mæ˧-ʑi˩ prison: literally "house for thieves" 监狱。直译：“贼家” kʰv˧mæ˧-ʝi˧-hĩ˧, | lo˧ʑi˥bv˩-qo˩ ʈæ˩! Thieves are tied up in prisons / are sent to prison! 贼，被关在监狱！ no˧ | kʰv˧mæ˧-pʰæ˧qʰwɤ˩-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩! You have the face of a thief! / You really look like a thief! (An accusation about someone one thinks is a thief) 你有一张贼脸！（控告一个人） kʰv˧mv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: v˧ female_puppy. 小母狗. animal. kʰv˧nɑ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: mi˩ dog. 狗. animal. kʰv˧pʰæ˧ noun Tone: M. age. 年龄. société. kʰv˧pʰæ˧ tɕi˩ young 年轻 kʰv˧pʰæ˧ | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ young 年轻的 kʰv˧-pʰo˥ noun Tone: H#. half_a_year. 半年. time. ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧-kʰv˥-pʰo˩ one year and a half 一年半 kʰv˧pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ / mi˩ / ɭɯ˧ he-dog. 公狗. animal. kʰv˧pʰv˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只公狗 kʰv˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ n + dem + clf 这只公狗 kʰv˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-v#˥ n + dem + clf 这个公狗 kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. bad_year. 收成不好的一年. time. kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧ tʰv˧˥ the year is bad; crops are bad this year; a bad year has come 今年，收成不好。 kʰv˧sɯ˧sɯ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: kɤ˧˥ Flemingia_strobilifera. 球穗千斤拔. plant. kʰv˧ʂæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_hunt. 打猎. verb. kʰv˧ʂæ˧ hɯ˧˥ (He/she) has gone hunting 狩猎去了 kʰv˧ʂɯ˥ verb to_celebrate_the_New_Year. 过年. time. kʰv˧tɕʰi˥$ noun Tone: H$. solution. 办法. abstract. kʰv˧tɕʰi˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! | ɻ̃˧-ɻ˧ tʰo˩! There is nothing we can do anymore! It's a catastrophe! 没有办法了！糟糕了！ kʰv˧tsʰi˧-bo˥tsʰi˩ noun Tone: #H-. classifier: pʰo˧˥ classifier: v˧ mole_shrew. 鼹鼠. animal. kʰv˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ / mi˩ / ɭɯ˧ 公狗. animal. kʰv˧zo˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只公狗 kʰv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ n + dem + clf 这只公狗 kʰv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-v#˥ n + dem + clf 这只公狗 kʰv˧zo˥-kʰv˩mv˩ puppy and she-dog 小狗与母狗 kʰv˧zo˥$ noun Tone: H$. family_name. 一个姓. given name. kʰv˧zo˧=ɻ˥$ the /kʰv˧zo˥$/ clan, the /kʰv˧zo˥$/ family |fv /kʰv˧zo˥$/ 家族 /kʰv˧zo˥$/ 家族 kʰv˧zo˥-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ the name of a person, containing both a family name: fv:/kʰv˧zo˥$/, and a given name: fv:/tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ 一个人的名字：姓为|fv /kʰv˧zo˥$/ ，名为|fv /tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ /kʰv˧zo˥$/ ，名为 /tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ kʰv˧zo˧ | -bo˩zo˧ noun Tone: °LM+#H. classifier: v˧ doggy_piggy. 小畜生. animal. kʰv˩-kʰɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ chicken_nest. 鸡窝. house. kʰv˩mi˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: v˧, terme respectueux (le même que pour les humains) classifier: on peut aussi dire: jɤ˧˥ dog. 狗. animal. kʰv˩mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-jɤ˧ n + dem + clf 这条狗 di˧qo˧-kʰv˩mi˩ the dogs of the plain (which, unlike dogs in mountain hamlets, get to see lots of passers-by, and less likely to bite strangers) 平坝的狗 kʰv˩mi˩-gɤ˥ljɤ˩ roving dog 流浪的狗 kʰv˩tsɤ˩mi˥ noun Tone: L+H#. classifier: v˧ she-dog. 母狗. animal. kʰv˧˥ noun Tone: MH. year. 年. time. kʰv˧-mæ˥ end of the year 年尾 kʰv˧-mæ˥ ʂæ˩ intercalary year: a year with 13 months; this happens every 4 years or so 闰年（有13个月） kʰv˧-mæ˥ ɖæ˩ normal year, usual year: a year that has 12 months 正常的年份，普通年：一年十二个月 astrological_sign. 生肖. time. no˧ | ə˧tso˧ kʰv˧ ɲi˥? What is your astrological sign? 你是属什么的？ kʰv˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .year . 量词 .年 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ one year 一年 kʰwæ˧hwæ˩ verb to_drape_oneself_in. 披上. verb. kʰwæ˧ɻæ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: tsʰi˥ felt. 毡子. clothing. kʰwæ˧ɻæ˧ tʰi˧-kʰo˥ to spread a mat 铺席子 kʰwɤ˥ a classifier Tone: Ha. clf .chunks . 量词 .块 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥~ɖɯ˩-kʰwɤ˩ chunk by chunk, one chunk after the other 一块一块地 kʰwɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʂe˧-ɻ˩! Go ahead and decide! / Please make a decision! 你们得要做出决定！ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ so˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ fv˩! Each new word is a new joy! (A comment by the consultant about the investigator's enjoyment of fieldwork. She takes a look at a draft dictionary, and comments that it represents a great deal of work, and that what matters is that the investigator should feel an interest in it, considering each new 'piece' – each addition to the dictionary – as a source of joy.) 学一点，就高兴一点！（评说语言调查工作：合作人看着本词典的初稿，说：这是一项很大的工程，关键的是调查者要有兴趣，欣赏每个新学的语言信息。） kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: meadow. 草坪. natural environment. kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧-mo˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. prairie_mushroom. 一种菌子. plant.