Index

ʁ

ʁɑ˥ ʁɑ˥ ʁɑ˥ ʁɑ˥ʂe˩ ʁɑ˧ ʁɑ˧ ʁɑ˧ b ʁɑ˧dzi˧ ʁɑ˧pv˧ ʁɑ˧pv˧-ɻ̃#˥ ʁɑ˧pʰv#˥ ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ ʁɑ˩mi˥ ʁɑ˩ʂɯ˧ ʁæ˥ ʁæ˧ ʁæ˧bæ˧ ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ ʁæ˧mi˧ ʁæ˧ŋv˥ ʁæ˧ɻ˥ ʁæ˧tɑ˩ ʁæ˧ʈv˥ ʁæ˧zo#˥ ʁæ˧ʑi˧ ʁæ˩ a ʁæ˩ a ʁæ˩ a ʁæ˩ a ʁæ˩bæ˩ ʁæ˩ɖʐv˧ ʁæ˧˥ ʁæ˩˥ ʁo˥ ʁo˥pv˩ ʁo˥-ʐv˩ ʁo˧ ʁo˧ ʁo˧bv˧ ʁo˧dɑ˧ ʁo˧do˧ ʁo˧do˧ ʁo˧dzi˥ ʁo˧dzi˩ ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ ʁo˧dzi˩-tʰæ˩ɻæ˩ ʁo˧dʑɯ˧ ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ ʁo˧gv#˥ ʁo˧hṽ˧˥ ʁo˧ʝi˧ ʁo˧kɤ˩ ʁo˧lv˧ ʁo˧ɬi˥ ʁo˧mæ˧ ʁo˧mi˥$ ʁo˧mi˧ ʁo˧ni˥ ʁo˧pʰɤ˩-ʁo˩dv˩lv˩ ʁo˧qɑ˥ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ ʁo˧so˩ ʁo˧ʂv˧ -ʁo˧to˩ -ʁo˧tʰo˩ ʁo˧tɕʰɤ#˥ ʁo˧tsʰe˧ʁo#˥ ʁo˧ʈv˧ʈv˥ ʁo˧ʈʂe˩ ʁo˧zo#˥ ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ ʁo˩ ʁo˩ b ʁo˩ b ʁo˩di˥ ʁo˩ɖɯ˩so˧ ʁo˩hi˩ ʁo˩kʰv˩ ʁo˧˥ ʁv˥ ʁv˧-bv˥ ʁv˧mi˥$ ʁv˧pʰv#˥ ʁv˧zo#˥ ʁv˧˥ ʁwæ˥ ʁwæ˧gi#˥ ʁwæ˧gi˧dzɤ#˥ ʁwæ˧lo˥ ʁwæ˧tsɯ˥ ʁwæ˧ʈʂʰe˩ ʁwɤ˧ ʁwɤ˧ ʁwɤ˧ ʁwɤ˧ a ʁwɤ˧ a ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩ ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧ ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑɯ#˥ ʁwɤ˧~ʁwɤ˥ a ʁwɤ˧tv˧ ʁwɤ˧ʐv#˥ ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩

ʁɑ˥ noun Tone: #H. strength. 力气. abstract. ʁɑ˧ ʑi˧ to have strength 有力量 no˧ɻ˩ | hĩ˧tɕʰi˧ ʁɑ˧ ʑi˧! Your family/clan is powerful! 你们家族很强大！ ʁɑ˧ tʰv˧ (+ze˩) to exert oneself, to make efforts 尽力 ʁɑ˥ verb Tone: H. to_call_over. 请. verb. ʁɑ˥ verb Tone: H. to_win. 赢. verb. le˧-ʁɑ˥-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 赢了 ʁɑ˥ʂe˩ verb to_invite. 请来. verb. ʈæ˧bɤ˧ ʁɑ˧-ʂe˩ to ask a monk to come over 请和尚到家来 ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ki˩-hĩ˩ | le˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩ | le˧-po˧-jo˥ / ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ki˩-hĩ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩-ɻ˩ hõ˩ to call the doctor 请医生来 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˩ ʁɑ˩-ʂe˥ I invite you to come over 我请你来 mɤ˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩ neg neg ʁɑ˧ adjective Tone: M. good. 好. adjective. mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-hĩ˧ ʂe˧ bad meat, meat of poor quality 不好的肉（质量不好） mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-hĩ˧ ʂe˧-kʰwɤ˧ ki˩ to give a piece of bad meat 给一块不好的肉 pʰi˩ko˧ | mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-ze˧! The apples are not good anymore! (Context: in March, apples from the previous harvest are not good anymore: they are either rotten or sour.) 苹果不好了！ / 苹果不新鲜了！（三月份，上一季收获的苹果已经不好吃的了，或者烂了，或者变酸） hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ʁɑ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧-hĩ˧ ʐwɤ˧˥! Someone is talking nonsense! 有人在乱说话！ ʁɑ˧ verb Tone: M. to_apologize. 道歉. adjective. ʁɑ˧-ze˧! Please accept my apologies! (To a person of high rank) 抱歉！ / 请原谅！（对地位比自己高的人说） ʁɑ˧ b verb Tone: Mb. to_stride_over. 跨. verb. le˧-ʁɑ˧-ze˧ accomp _ pfv 跨过了 ʁɑ˧dzi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: dzi˩ poplar. 杨树. plant. ʁɑ˧pv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ʈv˩ chest. 胸脯. body. ʁɑ˧pv˧-ɻ̃#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ clavicle. 锁骨. body. ʁɑ˧pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ salary. 工钱. object. ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ verb Tone: MH#. to_browbeat. 欺负. v. ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | hĩ˧-ki˧ ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ʝi˥! (s)he is picking on someone 他欺负人、他对人发脾气 ʁɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥ as above 同上 no˧ | ʁɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧-tʰɑ˧-ɻ˥! Don't browbeat people! 你不要欺负人！ ʁɑ˩mi˥ verb Tone: LH. to_apologize. 道歉. verb. ʁɑ˩mi˥-ze˩! Thank you! 谢谢！ ʁɑ˩ʂɯ˧ adverb Tone: LM. in_fact. 其实. abstract. ʁæ˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ neck. 脖子. body. See: ʁæ˧ŋv˥ ʁæ˧ adjective Tone: M. rich. 富. adjective. ʁæ˧bæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ plate. 盘子. object. ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. : ɭɯ˧ fetters. 枷锁. object. ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ kʰɯ˧˥ to put fetters (on someone's neck) 套上一个枷锁（在一个人的脖子上） ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ kʰɯ˩ to put fetters (on someone's neck) 套上枷锁（在一个人的脖子上） ʁæ˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: nɑ˧ sword. 剑. object. ʁæ˧ŋv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ collar. 衣领. clothing. ʁæ˧ɻ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ neck. 脖子. body. See: ʁæ˧ʈv˥ ʁæ˧tɑ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ withers. 肩隆. agriculture. ʝi˧-ʁæ˧tɑ˥ ox's withers 牛肩隆 ʁæ˧tɑ˩ tʰv˩-ɭɯ˩ n + dem + clf 这只肩隆 ʁæ˧ʈv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ neck. 脖子. body. See: ʁæ˧ɻ˥ ʁæ˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. short_sword. 短剑. object. ʁæ˧ʑi˧ verb Tone: M. to_mind. 考虑. verb. hĩ˧ | qʰɑ˧-kv˧ dʑo˧˥ | mɤ˧-ʁæ˧ʑi˧, | njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ qʰæ˧˥! | No matter how many people (guests) there are, I (go to participate and) help! (Context: the consultant explains how, following Na traditions, she volunteers her time to help on important occasions, such as funerals, to help other families.) 无论有多少个人，我都会去帮助！（情景：合作人描写她在永宁有大事时怎么去帮其它家庭的忙，不考虑活多么累，只考虑怎么能给予帮助） no˧ | mɤ˧-ʁæ˧ʑi˧! Leave me alone! / Leave me in peace! / Mind your own business! 别管我了！ / 请让我安静！ / 请不要打扰我了！ ʁæ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_dissolve. 溶化/散开. verb. le˧-ʁæ˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv accomp _ pfv le˧-ʁæ˧~ʁæ˥ (-ze˩ / -bi˩) red 重叠 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʁæ˥ a lump (of earth) melts 一块（土）散开 ʈʂe˧ʈv˥ | le˧-ʁæ˩-ze˩ Clods of earth fall apart (after ploughing, the fields are irrigated; clods of earth melt into the water) 土块散开在了（耕田后灌溉，土块散在水里） ʁæ˩ a adjective Tone: La. drunk. 醉. verb. ʐɯ˧ ʁæ˩(-ze˩) drunk 醉酒 ʁæ˩ a adjective Tone: La. auspitious. 合适. adjective. ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧ not propicious / not favourable 不吉利、不合适 ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʝi˧ mɤ˧-tʰɑ˩! / ʝi˧-mɤ˧-ɖo˧! It is not appropriate / the situation is not propitious; it must not / should not be done! (A phrase to caution others against doing something) 不吉利 / 不合适（的事情），不能做！/ 不要做！（警告） ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-tʰɑ˥! / ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! It's not appropriate; one must not talk about it! / One should not talk nonsense! (A phrase to caution others against being carelessly talkative) 不合适（的话），不能说！ / 不合适（的话），不要说！（警告） ʁæ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | tɕi˩-mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! (You) must not transcribe the bad ones! / You must not transcribe the messy ones! (Context: the investigator was explaining his wish to choose, among the wealth of recorded narratives, those that are the most interesting and successful, to do a transcription and complete translation and annotation. By her answer, the consultant indicates her approval, at the same time as she shows her understanding of the idea: any materials that may be inappropriate in any way should be left out, and not put to writing.) 乱七八糟的，不要记录！ / 不好的，不要记录！（情景：选择一个故事来做记音翻译等。合作人提出，要考虑好记录哪些、选择好的资料，不能什么都记录。） ʈʂʰɯ˧ | lo˧ | ʁæ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧ ʝi˧! He does a bad job of it! / He makes a mess of his work! 他工作做得乱七八糟！ ʁæ˩ a adjective Tone: La. ugly. 丑. adjective. See: ɖʐv˩a1 ʁæ˩bæ˩ classifier clf .platefuls . 量词 .盘 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | ɲi˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | so˩-ʁæ˩bæ˩˥, | ʐv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | ŋwɤ˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | qʰv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | ʂɯ˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | hõ˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | gv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | tsʰe˩-ʁæ˩bæ˩˥ association with numerals from 1 to 10 与数词结合，一至十 ʁæ˩ɖʐv˧ verb ugly. 丑. adjective. ʁæ˧˥ adjective Tone: MH. disgusting. 恶心. adjective. ʁæ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. sap. 树液. plant. tʰo˩ʁæ˩˥ same meaning 同上 ʁo˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ head. 头. body. beginning. 开头. body. ɬi˧-ʁo#˥ the beginning of the month, the first days of the month 月初 kʰv˧-ʁo˥$ the beginning of the year 年初 *ɲi˧-ʁo˩ *the beginning of the day *天初 ʁo˥pv˩ verb to_come_across. 遇见. verb. tʰi˧-ʁo˥pv˩ dur dur to_come_across. 阻截/攻击. verb. ʁo˥-ʐv˩ verb bless/protect. 保佑. verb. mɤ˧-ʁo˥ʐv˩ neg neg gɤ˧lɑ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʁo˥ʐv˩-ɻ˩! May the gods bless (you/us)! 菩萨保佑！ ʁo˧ verb Tone: M intrans. to_lay_eggs. 下蛋. verb. æ˩ ʁo˥ to lay eggs 下蛋 æ˩mi˧ tʰi˧-ʁo˧-dʑo˧! The hen is laying eggs! 母鸡在下蛋！ æ˩mi˧ | æ˩ ʁo˧-ze˩! The hen has laid eggs! 母鸡下蛋了！ ʁo˧ verb Tone: M intrans. to_be_able_to. 能. verb. njɤ˧ | tɕi˩-mɤ˩-ʁo˩˥! I can't write! / I am not able to write! (Said by someone who has not learnt to write) 我写不出来！ / 我不会写！ njɤ˧ | tɕi˩-ʁo˩˥! I can write! / I am able to write! / I know how to write! 我会写！ / 我写得出来！ ʁo˧bv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ sprout. 萌芽. plant. ʁo˧dɑ˧ adverb Tone: M. in_front_of. 前面. space. ʂɯ˧-kʰv˧-ʁo˧dɑ˧ seven years ago 七年前 ʁo˧dɑ˧ ɖɯ˧-so˩ ɲi˩ the past few days 前几天 ʁo˧do˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ walnut. 核桃. plant. ʁo˧do˧ qʰwæ˧˥ to crack walnuts 开核桃 ʁo˧do˧ ʐwæ˧ to weigh walnuts 称核桃 ʁo˧do˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ interests. 利息. object. ʁo˧dzi˥ verb Tone: H#. to_run_into. 碰撞. verb. le˧-ʁo˧dzi˥ accomp accomp hĩ˧ | tʰi˧-ʁo˧dzi˥ tsʰɯ˩(-ze˩) People have ran into one another 人们（互相）碰撞 ʁo˧dzi˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: v˧ Tibetan. 藏族. ethnic groups. ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ noun north. 北方. space. ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ noun Tone: L#-. Tibet. 西藏. place name. ʁo˧dzi˩-tʰæ˩ɻæ˩ noun Tone: L#-. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ flag. 旗子. object. ʁo˧dʑɯ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: nɑ˧ classifier: pɤ˩ halter. 马笼头. object. ʐwæ˧-ʁo˧dʑɯ˥ (ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʐwæ˧-ʁo˧dʑɯ˥ ɲi˩) horse's halter 马笼头 ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. tadpole. 蝌蚪. animal. ʁo˧gv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ pillow. 枕头. house. ʁo˧hṽ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: kʰɯ˩ hair_of_head. 头发. body. ʁo˧ʝi˧ adverb Tone: M. the_year_after_next. 后年. time. ʁo˧ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ the year after next 后年 ʁo˧kɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: kɤ˧˥ woven_headdress. 用来将长辫缠成盘头的黑色丝头饰. object. ʁo˧lv˧ verb Tone: M. to_lose_one_s_way. 迷路. verb. le˧-ʁo˧lv˧ accomp accomp ʁo˧ɬi˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ large_needle. 大粗针. object. ʁo˧ɬi˥, | bo˩ʈʂʰæ˧ ʐv˩-di˩ ɲi˩. The large needle is used to sew pipa meat. 大针，是用来缝琵琶肉的。 ʁo˧mæ˧ verb to_take_care_of. 照顾好. verb. ʁo˧mæ˧-ze˩ pfv 管好了 hĩ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧ to take care of people 照顾人 no˧ | njɤ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧˥! You take good care of me! (A satisfied comment by an elderly person to someone who takes care of them) 你很关心我啊！（老人满意地说） ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | hĩ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧-kv˩! She is great at taking care of people! (A comment about the lady of the house) 她很会管家！（对女主人的表扬） ʁo˧mi˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: ɭɯ˧ large_needle. 大针. object. ʁo˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ king/chief. 国王/头领. society. ʁo˧mi˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧ hĩ˧ person who has a role as king/high official/chief 当国王、土司、大臣、头领……的人 kʰv˧mæ˧-ʁo˧mi˧ head of (a band of) robbers 土匪的头领 ʁo˧ni˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: bo˩ woven_headdress. 用来将长辫缠成盘头的黑色丝头饰. object. ʁo˧pʰɤ˩-ʁo˩dv˩lv˩ noun Tone: L#. Eugeron_breviscapus. 短葶飞蓬. plant. ʁo˧qɑ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ lid. 盖子. object. ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ head. 头. body. ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ dzi˩ to sit in a place of honour 坐在贵宾的位置上 õ˧-ʁo˥qʰwɤ˩ one's own head 自己的头 õ˧-ʁo˥qʰwɤ˩ lɑ˩ to hit one's own head (context: a child hits its own head rhythmically with a stick) 打自己的头（情景：一个小孩用小棍子敲打自己的头） upper_part. 上面部分. ʁo˧so˩ adverb Tone: L#. the_day_after_tomorrow. 后天. time. ʁo˧so˩ | -ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ the day after tomorrow 后天 ʁo˧ʂv˧ verb Tone: M. to_guide. 带头. verb. ʐɤ˩mi˩ ʁo˩ʂv˩˥ to show the way 带路 ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩-ɳɯ˩ | ʁo˧ʂv˧ a family shows the way/ sets an example (which other families follow): for instance, one family begins to harvest rice, and others follow their example 有一家带头：例如收庄稼时，一个家先开始收割，于是其它家庭也跟着开始收割。 ʁo˧ʂv˧-ze˧ pfv 带了路 njɤ˧=ɻ˩-ɳɯ˩ | ʁo˧ʂv˧! We are showing the way! / We are setting an example for others! (Context: for agricultural activities, one household started first, and the others followed suit.) 是我们带头的！（其他家庭是跟着我们来的！）（情景：农业活动，如：收庄稼，是一个家庭先开始的，然后其他家庭也跟着来。） -ʁo˧to˩ postposition Tone: L#. on/during/compared_to/to(wards). 上. space. qo˩qɑ˩-ʁo˩to˥ at the top of the mountain pass, at the mountain pass 垭口上 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩-ʁo˩to˩ on the head, on top of the head 头上 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʁo˧to˩ on the house; e.g. there is a bird's nest on the top of the house 房子上面：例如：有鸟窝在房顶上 during. ……的时候. space. hɑ˧dzɯ˧-ʁo˧to˩, | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | mɤ˧-fv˧-ʝi˧. During the meal, he felt displeased/he got angry. 吃饭的时候，他不高兴了/生气了。 to(wards). 向. space. compared_to. 跟……相比. space. -ʁo˧tʰo˩ postposition Tone: L#. behind/since. 后面/自从. space. ʑi˧-tʰo˩ behind the house (=the place where there is a vegetable garden) 家后院（=菜园的地方） ʑi˧-ʁo˥tʰo˩ as above: behind the house 同上：家后院 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʁo˧tʰo˩ as above: behind the house 同上：家后院 ʁo˧tɕʰɤ#˥ adjective Tone: #H. sharp. 尖. adjective. ʁo˧tɕʰɤ˧~tɕʰɤ˧-gv˧ sharp 尖 ʁo˧tsʰe˧ʁo#˥ noun Tone: #H. top. 顶上. space. ʁwɤ˧-bv˧ | ʁo˧tsʰe˧ʁo˧ the top of the mountain, the mountain top 山的顶，山顶 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩-ʁo˩tsʰe˩ the top of the head 头顶 ʁo˧ʈv˧ʈv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: v˧ Yi. 彝族. ethnic groups. ʁo˧ʈʂe˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ ringworm. 癣. body. ʁu˧ʈʂɯ˩ ɖwæ˧˥ tʰi˧ di˩! (She/he) has a big patch of tinea! 他长了很多癣！ ʁo˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_needle. 小针. object. ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ adverb Tone: MH#. as_from. 从……开始. morphosyntax. ɖɯ˧ɬi˧mi˧-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ from the first month 一月份开始 tsʰi˧ɲi˧-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ as from today 今天开始 tsʰi˧ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ from this year on, as from this year 今年开始 gv˩ɬi˩mi˩-ʁo˩ʑi˩˥ as from the 9th month, starting from the 9th month 九月份开始 ʐe˧ʈæ˥ɬi˩-ʁo˩ʑi˩ as from the 11th month, starting from the 11th month 十一月份开始 ʁo˩ verb Tone: L. to_sink. 掉入. verb. mv˩tɕo˥ ʁo˩ to sink 掉入 ʁo˩ b classifier Tone: Lb. clf .sorts . 量词 .种 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-ʁo˩ one type (of clothing, food...) 一种（衣服、食物……） ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁo˥ this type (of clothing, food...) 这种（衣服、食物……） ʁo˩ b verb Tone: Lb. to_form. 出、出现（茧子……）. verb. sɯ˧ʈv˥ ʁo˩-ze˩! | A callus has formed! 磨出了茧子！ ʁo˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ _ neg desiderative 不会出（茧子） ʁo˩di˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: v˧ mad_person. 疯子. society. ʁo˩ɖɯ˩so˧ adverb in_three_days. 大后天. time. ʁo˩hi˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ molars/premolars. 臼齿+后臼齿. body. ʁo˩kʰv˩ noun Tone: L. sandalwood. 香木. plant. ʁo˩kʰv˩-si˩ same meaning 同上 ʁo˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: ɭɯ˧ needle. 针. object. See: ʁv˥ verb Tone: H. to_swallow. 咽. verb. le˧-ʁv˥ accomp accomp ʁv˧-bv˥ noun classifier: po˧ field_penny_cress. 菥蓂. plant. ʁv˧mi˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: mi˩ female_crane. 母鹤. animal. ʁv˧pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: mi˩ male_crane. 公鹤. animal. ʁv˧pʰv˧-ʁv˧mi#˥ male crane and female crane 公鹤与母鹤 ʁv˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ baby_crane. 小鹤. animal. ʁv˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: mi˩ crane. 黑颈鹤. animal. ʁv˧nɑ˥mi˩ same meaning: crane 同上：黑颈鹤 ʁv˧ dzɯ˥-ze˩ ...ate the crane 吃了黑颈鹤 ʁv˧ hwæ˥-ze˩ ...bought (a/the) crane 买了黑颈鹤 ʁwæ˥ noun Tone: #H. left. 左. space. ʁwæ˧gi#˥ noun Tone: #H. left_side. 左边. space. ʁwæ˧gi˧dzɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. left. 左边. space. ʁwæ˧lo˥ noun Tone: H#. left_side. 左边. space. ʁwæ˧tsɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. From: Chinese 袜子 . socks. 袜子. clothing. ʁwæ˧ʈʂʰe˩ verb Tone: L#. From: Chinese 完成 . 完成::to_accomplish. 完成（ 借词） . verb. le˧-ʁwæ˧ʈʂʰe˩-ze˩! It's complete! / It's finished! 完成了！ ʁwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ classifier: objets ronds mountain. 山. natural environment. ʁo˧-ʂwæ˧ high mountain 高山 ʁwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ʁwɤ˧ village/hamlet. 村寨/村落. society. ʁwɤ˧-qo˧ in the village 村子里 ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ mɤ˧-ɲi˩: | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧... | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧… These do not belong to the same village: here, it is the village named...; over there, it is the village named... 它们不属于一个村落：这边，是……村，而那边，是……村。 ʁwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. money. 钱. society. ɖʐe˧-ʁwɤ˧ money 钱 ʁwɤ˧ a classifier Tone: Ma. clf .heaps . 量词 .堆 . classifier. ʁwɤ˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_heap. 堆. verb. ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ tʰi˧-ʁwɤ˧ to make a heap, to heap together 堆在一起 ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ to arrange into a heap 收拾成一堆 tso˧~tso˧ | gɤ˩-ʁwɤ˥ lv˩ to pile up objects 东西堆起来 ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˥-lv˩ to make into a heap (e.g. nuts, fruit... scattered around) 收拾成一堆（如：有果子散在地上，把它们堆在一起） tso˧~tso˧ ʁwɤ˩ to pile up things 东西堆在一起 ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩ noun Tone: L#-. Walabie. 瓦拉别村. place name. ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high proportion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩梭村，最后一个是普米村。 ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ cave. 山洞. natural environment. See: ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑɯ#˥ ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑɯ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ cavern. 山洞. natural environment. See: ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧ ʁwɤ˧~ʁwɤ˥ a verb Tone: La. to_discuss. 商量. verb. ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧~ʁwɤ˥-ɻ˩ delimitative _ red inceptive 商量商量 ʁwɤ˧tv˧ noun Tone: M. village_name. 温泉乡的一个村落. place name. ʁwɤ˧tv˧-ʁwɤ˧ same meaning 同上 ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high proportion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩梭村，最后一个是普米村。 ʁwɤ˧tv˧: | bɤ˧! /ʁwɤ˧tv˧/ is a Pumi village! fv：/ʁwɤ˧tv˧/是一个普米族村落！ ʁwɤ˧ʐv#˥ noun Tone: #H. Qiansuo. 前所. place name. ʁwɤ˧ʐv˧-lo˩mæ˩ same meaning 同上 ʁwɤ˧ʐv˧, | jɤ˧qʰɑ˧ dʑɤ˥; | hwɤ˧li˧-hɑ˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧˥! Adage: "In Qiansuo, bitter buckwheat grows beautifully; there's nothing for cats to eat!" Explanation: cats do not eat bitter buckwheat. 俗语：“前所，苦荞（庄稼）很好。猫，没得吃！”（说明：猫不吃苦荞。） ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ʁwɤ˧ hillside. 山坡. natural environment. ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩ dʑɤ˥bv˩ ə˩bi˩? You want to come and have fun on the mountain? Would you like to go and take a stroll on the mountain? 去山上玩，好吗？