Index

q

qɑ˩ c qɑ˩ a qɑ˧˥ qæ˥ qæ˥ qæ˥ qæ˧do˧ qæ˧dzɯ˩ qæ˧ɻ˧ qæ˩ a qæ˩ b qæ˩di˩ qæ˧˥ qæ˧˥ qæ˩˥ qæ˩˥ qi˧qi˧ qo˥ qo˥ -qo˧ qo˧lo˧ʂv˥ -qo˧lo˩ qo˧lo˩ qo˧pv˧ qo˧pv˩ qo˧pv˩-ʐwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ qo˧tv˩ qo˩ a qo˩ho˧˥ qo˩qɑ˩ qo˩tv˩-lv˥ qv˧dzi˩ qv˧ɻ#˥ qv˧tɕi˥ qv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ qv˩ a qv˧˥ qv˩˥ qwɑ˧mæ#˥ qwæ˧ qwæ˧lo˧˥ qwæ˧ʁo#˥ qwæ˧ʂe#˥ qwæ˧ʂe˧lɑ˧bv˥ qwæ˧zo˧zo˩ qwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ qwæ˩~qwæ˧˥ qwæ˩ʂv˧˥ qwæ˧˥ qwæ˧˥ qwæ˩˥ qwɤ˧ qwɤ˧ a qwɤ˧ɭɯ#˥ qwɤ˩ a qwɤ˩pi˩ qʰɑ˥ qʰɑ˧- qʰɑ˧ qʰɑ˧ qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰɑ˧dze˧-hwæ˩-di˩ qʰɑ˧dze˧-lv˧ qʰɑ˧tɑ˧ qʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥ qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ qʰɑ˩ne˩ qʰæ˥ qʰæ˥ qʰæ˥ qʰæ˥ qʰæ˧ qʰæ˧ b qʰæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ qʰæ˧lo˧˥ qʰæ˧mi˧ qʰæ˧mo˩ qʰæ˧tv˧ qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧ qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧-ɬi˧dʑɯ˩ qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ qʰæ˧zo#˥ qʰæ˩ qʰæ˩ a qʰæ˩ a qʰæ˩bæ˩ qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰæ˧˥ qʰo˧ a qʰo˧lo˧ qʰo˧mo˥ qʰo˩ b qʰo˩dv˧˥ qʰo˩mv˩ qʰo˩tv˧˥ qʰo˧˥ qʰo˧˥ qʰv˥ qʰv˥ a qʰv˧ qʰv˧ qʰv˧dʑɯ˥$ qʰv˧ɬi˧mi#˥ qʰv˧tʰv#˥ qʰv˩ɖɯ˩ qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ qʰv˩~qʰv˧˥ qʰv˩tsʰi˧˥ qʰv˧˥ qʰv˧˥ qʰwæ˧ qʰwæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ qʰwæ˧ɭɯ˧ qʰwæ˧mi#˥ qʰwæ˧ʈɯ˥ qʰwæ˩ qʰwæ˩ a qʰwæ˧˥ qʰwæ˧˥ qʰwæ˧˥ a qʰwɤ˧ qʰwɤ˧ a qʰwɤ˧bi˩ qʰwɤ˧mi˥$ qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$ qʰwɤ˧ʂe˩ qʰwɤ˧to˩ qʰwɤ˧tʰv#˥ qʰwɤ˧tsʰi˩ qʰwɤ˧zo˥$ qʰwɤ˩ a qʰwɤ˩ a qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ qʰwɤ˧˥ qʰwɤ˧˥ qʰwɤ˧˥ a

qɑ˩ c classifier Tone: Lc. clf .armfuls . 量词 .抱 . classifier. ʈʂʰɯ˧-qɑ˥ this armful 这一抱 clf .bundles_of_cereals . 量词 .垛（粮食、干草） . dze˧ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-qɑ˩ a bundle of corn (cut cereals) 一垛小麦（收割时，将十束绑在一起成一垛） qɑ˩ a verb Tone: La. to cover. 盖. verb. le˧-qɑ˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 盖了 tʰi˧-qɑ˩-ze˩ dur _ pfv dur _ pfv ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-qɑ˥ to cover (a television set) with a piece of fabric (to protect it from dust) 用一块（布料）来盖（电视机，为了防灰） hæ̃˧qʰv˥ | tʰi˧-qɑ˩! At night, we cover (the television set with a piece of fabric)! 晚上，（要）盖上！ / 我们晚上盖电视机（为了防灰）！ tso˧~tso˧ qɑ˥ to cover things 覆盖东西 to_hide_from_view. 遮. verb. qɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_help. 帮助. verb. tʰi˧-qɑ˧˥ dur dur qɑ˩~qɑ˧˥ red 重叠：帮帮忙 hĩ˧ qɑ˩~qɑ˩ to help people; to go and work at someone else's place (e.g. during the harvest) 帮人，到别人家去工作（例如收庄稼的时候） njɤ˧ no˧ qɑ˧~qɑ˥ I help you 我帮你 qæ˥ verb Tone: H. to_displace. 搬. verb. le˧-qæ˥ accomp accomp qæ˥ verb Tone: H. to_exchange. 换. verb. le˧-qæ˥-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 换了 dʑi˧hṽ˧ qæ˧ to change clothes 换衣服 bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | tʰi˧-qæ˥ to change clothes 换衣服 qæ˧~qæ˧ red 重叠：交换 qæ˧~qæ˧-ɻ˥ red inceptive red inceptive qæ˧~qæ˧-ɻ˧-ze˥ red inceptive pfv red inceptive pfv tso˧~tso˧ qæ˧~qæ˧ to exchange things 交换东西 le˧-qæ˧~qæ˧(-ze˩) accomp red ( pfv ) accomp red ( pfv ) qæ˥ verb Tone: H. to_sculpt. 雕. verb. le˧-qæ˥-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 雕了 bæ˩bæ˩ qæ˥ to sculpt a flower 雕花 qæ˧do˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kɤ˧˥ lumber. 木材. house. ʑi˧mi˧-qæ˩do˩ lumber for the construction of the main building of a Na farm 建主房的木材 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-qæ˧do#˥ lumber for the construction of a building 建房子的木材 Syn: qæ˧ɻ˧ qæ˧dzɯ˩ noun Tone: L#. family_name. 一个姓. given name. qæ˧dzɯ˩-ɻ˩ the /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ clan, the /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ family |fv /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ 家族 /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ 家族 qæ˧dzɯ˩ | -tsʰɯ˧ɻ˧ the name of a person, containing both a family name: fv:/lqæ˧dzɯ˩/, and a given name: fv:/tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ 一个人的名字：姓为|fv /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ ，名为|fv /tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ ，名为 /tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ qæ˧ɻ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kɤ˧˥ lumber. 木材. house. Syn: qæ˧do˧ qæ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_coax. 哄. verb. zo˧ qæ˥ to coax a child 哄孩子 le˧-qæ˧~qæ˥ | le˧-ʑi˧-kʰɯ˥ to put asleep by coaxing, to coax asleep 哄睡着 qæ˩ b verb Tone: Lb. to_cheat. 欺骗. verb. hĩ˧ qæ˥-kv˩ sly, who is good at deceiving people 狡猾、很能骗人的 hĩ˧ qæ˥ | ʐwæ˩˥ sly, who is good at deceiving people 狡猾、很能骗人的 hĩ˧ qæ˥ mɤ˩-ɖo˩! One must not cheat others! / One must not deceive people! (A precept taught by the main consultant's grandmother) 不要骗人！（这个信条，是发音合作人的祖母教的） qæ˩-mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! One must not cheat (others)! / One must not deceive people! (A precept taught by the main consultant's grandmother) 不要骗人！（这个信条，是发音合作人的祖母教的） mɤ˧-qæ˩ neg 不骗 hĩ˧ qæ˥-tso˩~tso˩! Shoddy stuff! (Literally: 'deceitful stuff!') (Context: a comment about thread of poor quality, bought at the market) 骗人的东西！（关于买来的一团线，质量不好） qæ˩di˩ verb Tone: L. to_flick. 弹. verb. qæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_burn.vt. 燃烧. verb. mv˧ qæ˩-ze˩ the fire has started, the fire is blazing; a fire has caught 火烧着了 / 着火了 mv˧ le˧-qæ˧˥ / mv˧ le˧-qæ˧-ze˥ the fire is burning; a fire has caught 火在烧 / 着火了 mv˧ qæ˥-ɻ˩ the fire is burning 火在烧 / 火烧着了 mv˧ qæ˥-ɻ˩ kʰɯ˩ to start a fire (as an act of destruction/war), to commit arson （有人）放火 mv˧qæ˥-ɻ˩-hɯ˩ a fire has started （有人）放火了！ qæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_suffer. 疼. verb. bi˧mi˧ qæ˧˥ to have a stomach-ache 肚子疼 ɬo˧kʰv˧ qæ˧˥ the waist hurts, the lower back hurts 腰疼 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ qæ˩ to have a headache 头疼 qæ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. oil. 油. food. qæ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ glue. 胶. object. qi˧qi˧ adverb Tone: M. originally. 一开始. morphosyntax. qo˥ verb Tone: H. to_kneel. 跪下. verb. qo˥ verb Tone: H. to_love. 爱. verb. mɤ˧-qo˧ neg 不爱 zo˧mv˥zo˩ qo˩ to love (one's) children 爱孩子 õ˧-hĩ˥ qo˩ to love one's family 爱自己家人 -qo˧ postposition Tone: M. in. 里. space. See: -qo˧lo˩ qo˧lo˧ʂv˥ adjective well_behaved. 乖. adjective. -qo˧lo˩ postposition Tone: L#. in. 里面. space. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧-qo˧lo˩ dʑo˩ (S)he is in the house. / (S)he is inside. 他在家里。 See: qo˧lo˩ qo˧lo˩ adverb Tone: L#. inside. 里面. space. See: -qo˧lo˩ qo˧pv˧ adjective thirsty. 渴. verb. qo˧pv˧-ze˧ pfv 渴了 qo˧pv˧ mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧-ze˥ terribly thirsty 渴得不行 qo˧pv˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: mi˩ cuckoo. 布谷鸟. animal. qo˧pv˩-ɻwæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥ Ancestors' Day, Tomb-Sweeping Day, on the first day of the fifth month; literally: 'the day when the cuckoo sings' 清明节。直译：“布谷鸟叫的那天” qo˧pv˩-ʐwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ noun Tone: LM-. jay. 松鸦. animal. qo˧tv˩ noun Tone: L#/LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ fruit_stone. 果核. plant. dʑi˧ʁo˩-qo˩tv˩ peach kernel 桃子果核 qo˩ a verb Tone: La. to_put_away. 放/储存. verb. qo˩ho˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ gift_box. 礼盒. object. qo˩qɑ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ mountain_pass. 垭口. natural environment. qo˩tv˩-lv˥ noun Tone: L+H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ ball/lump. 团. object. li˩-qo˩tv˥-lv˩ tea leaves compressed in bowl shape 沱茶 li˩-qo˩tv˥-lv˩ | ɖɯ˧-qʰwɤ˧ tɕɤ˥ to make a bowl of tea, using tea leaves compressed in bowl shape 煮一碗沱茶 qv˧dzi˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: dzi˩, ʝi˧ Masson_pine. 马尾松. plant. qv˧dzi˩-lv˩~lv˩, | dzɯ˧ mɤ˧-ɖo˧! One must not eat the seeds of Masson's pine! (It is poisonous) 马松树的果子，不要吃！（有毒） qv˧ɻ#˥ noun Tone: #H. mountain_name. 永宁的一座山. place name. qv˧ɻ˧-ʁo˧-qʰwɤ˥ the top of the /qv˧ɻ˧/ mountain |fv /qv˧ɻ˧/ 山的山顶 /qv˧ɻ˧/ 山的山顶 qv˧tɕi˥ noun Tone: H#. spittle. 痰. body. qv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ throat. 喉咙. body. voice. 声音. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qv˧ʈʂæ˧ dʑɤ˥! (S)he has a beautiful voice. 他嗓子好。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ | ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑɤ˩˥! (S)he has a really beautiful voice. 他嗓子很好。 qv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_wash_along. 冲走. verb. le˧-qv˩ | le˧-po˧-tsʰɯ˧˥ to carry to a certain place, to wash along all the way to a certain place 冲到某个地方 lv˧mi˧ | ɬi˧dʑɯ˩-ɳɯ˩ | qv˩˥. The stones are carried (down into the plain) by (the strong current of) the river of Yongning. 石头被永宁河水冲（到坝子） dʑɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | le˧-qv˩ | le˧-po˧-tsʰɯ˧-hĩ˥ | lv˧mi˧ stones carried over (to this place) by the stream 水流冲下来的石头 qv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_frighten. 吓. verb. hĩ˧ qv˩ to frighten people 吓人 no˧ | hĩ˧ qv˩-zo˩! / ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | hĩ˧ qv˩-zo˩! You frighten people! / He frightens people! 你吓人！ / 他吓人！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njæ˩ qv˩-tsʰɯ˩˥! He frightens people! 他吓人！ njɤ˧ɳɯ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ qv˩-bi˩! I am going to frighten her/him! 我要吓唬他一下！ tʰɑ˧-qv˧˥! prohib 别吓唬（人家）！ qv˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ handle. 把手. object. qwɑ˧mæ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ middle_part_of_main_room. 主屋的中庭. house. qwæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: nɑ˧ mat. 床垫子. object. qwæ˧mi#˥ large mat 大床垫子 qwæ˧lo˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: kʰɯ˩ passageway. 小道. natural environment. qwæ˧lo˧-qo˥ | gɤ˩tɕo˧ le˧-jo˩ to come by the small lane 抄小道 qwæ˧ʁo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ bench_of_main_room. 主屋长凳. house. qwæ˧ʂe#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: mi˩ bedbug. 臭虫. animal. qwæ˧ʂe˧lɑ˧bv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: mi˩ worm_sp.. 一种蠕虫. animal. qwæ˧zo˧zo˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: pɤ˩ bench_of_main_room. 主屋的长凳. object. qwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ jaw. 颚. body. qwæ˩ɖʐæ˩-qo˥-ɳɯ˩ | ʈʰæ˧˥ to masticate, to gnaw 咬在嘴里 qwæ˩~qwæ˧˥ verb to_scratch. 抠痒. verb. le˧-qwæ˧~qwæ˩-ze˩ accomp _ red pfv accomp _ red pfv qwæ˩ʂv˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: nɑ˧ bit_of_bridle. 马嚼子. object. ʐwæ˧-kwæ˥ʂv˩ bit of a horse's bridle 马嚼子 qwæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_dig. 挖. verb. tv˧qʰv˧ qwæ˧˥ to dig a hole 挖洞 ʈʂe˧ qwæ˩ to dig out the soil 挖土 qʰæ˧lo˧ qwæ˥ to dig a ditch 挖水沟 jɤ˩jo˥ qwæ˩ to dig out potatoes, to harvest potatoes 挖洋芋 to_scoop. 舀. verb. dʑɯ˩ qwæ˩˥ to scoop water 舀水 qwæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_engrave. 雕刻. verb. bæ˩bæ˩ qwæ˥ to engrave a flower 刻花 qwæ˩~qwæ˧˥ red 重叠 bæ˩bæ˩ qwæ˥~qwæ˩ to engrave flowers 刻一朵花 qwæ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: ɭɯ˧ jaw. 嘴巴. body. qwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ fire_pit. 火塘. object. qwɤ˧, | mv˧ kʰɯ˩-di˩! The fire pit is the place where one puts fire / where one does a fire! 火塘，就是升火的地方！ qwɤ˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_accuse. 告状. verb. mɤ˧-qwɤ˧ neg 不告状 hĩ˧ qwɤ˩ to accuse someone, to denounce someone 告一个人 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | qwɤ˧-bi˧! I am going to denounce/accuse 我要告状！ no˧ | le˧-qwɤ˧-hõ˧! Go and denounce (him/her)! 你去告状吧！ qwɤ˧~qwɤ˩ red 重叠 qwɤ˧ɭɯ#˥ noun Tone: #H. campfire. 营火. house. qwɤ˧ɭɯ˧-pʰɤ˧bɤ˥ the gifts offered to the ancestors, at the fireplace: even when building a campfire for one day only on the mountain, one offers a little food to the ancestors before beginning the meal (in the same way as is done at home) 敬给祖先的礼物：即使在山上升起篝火野餐，还是要像在家里一样，用餐前先敬给祖先一些饭。 qwɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_grow. 生长. verb. gɤ˩-qwɤ˥ to grow 长大，生长 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gɤ˩-qwɤ˥-ze˩! (S)he has grown up! / (S)he has grown a lot! (About a child) 他长大了！（关于一个小孩） qwɤ˩pi˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ mouth. 嘴巴. body. qwɤ˩pi˩-qo˩lo˥ inside the mouth 嘴巴里 ko˩pi˩-ko˩lo˧ inside the mouth 嘴巴里 qʰɑ˥ adjective Tone: H. bitter. 苦. adjective. qʰɑ˧- adverb extremely. 多么/非常. morphosyntax. qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-hĩ˧ extremely big 非常大 qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-gv˧ extremely large; how large! 非常大 qʰɑ˧-ʂwæ˧-gv˧ extremely tall; how tall! 很高、非常高 qʰɑ˧-ʂwæ˧-mi˧zo˥ extremely tall 很高 qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-mi˧zo˥ extremely big 很大 See: qʰɑ˧1 qʰɑ˧ pronoun Tone: M. how_many. 几、多少. morphosyntax. hĩ˧ | qʰɑ˧-kv˧˥? how many people? 几个人？ bæ˩bæ˩˥ | qʰɑ˧-bæ˩? how many flowers? 几朵花？ qʰɑ˧-ʑi˩? how many families? 几家？ hɑ˧ | qʰɑ˧-tɕʰi˩? how many meals? 几顿饭？ qʰɑ˧-ɲi˧? how many days? 几天？ qʰɑ˧-kʰv˧ gv˧-ze˩? How old are you / is (s)he? 几岁了？ qʰɑ˧-kʰv˧˥? how many years? 几年？ qʰɑ˧-kʰwɤ˧˥? how many pieces? 几块？ qʰɑ˧-nɑ˧? how many (tools...)? 几把？ sɯ˩tʰi˩˥ | qʰɑ˧-nɑ˧ dʑo˧? How many knives are there? 有几把刀？ qʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩ how many (long objects) 几条 qʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩ dʑo˩? How many (long objects) are there? 有几条？ qʰɑ˧-mæ˩ dʑo˩? How much money do (you) have? 有几块（钱）？ si˧dzi˩ | qʰɑ˧-dzi˩? how many trees? 几棵树？ si˧kɤ˧˥ | qʰɑ˧-kɤ˧˥? how many branches? 几枝树枝？ qʰɑ˧-kʰɤ˧˥? how many baskets? 几筐？ See: qʰɑ˧2 qʰɑ˧ adverb Tone: M. some. 几. morphosyntax. tsʰe˩-qʰɑ˩˥ ten and a few more (i.e. between ten and twenty) 十几个、十来个 tsʰe˩-qʰɑ˩-kv˩˥ ten and a few more (i.e. between ten and twenty) 十几个、十来个 See: qʰɑ˧1 qʰɑ˧dze˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kɤ˧˥ sweet_corn. 玉米. plant. qʰɑ˧dze˧-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ the roots of the sweetcorn plant 玉米的根 qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰæ˩ to cut ears of sweetcorn, to snap off ears of sweetcorn 采玉米：折断玉米棒子 qʰɑ˧dze˧ ɖʐɤ˧˥ to harvest sweetcorn, to pick sweetcorn 采玉米 qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ a little sweetcorn flour 一点玉米粉 qʰɑ˧dze˧-hɑ˧bɤ˥, | qʰɑ˧dze˧-hɑ˧ɭɯ#˥, | qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ three forms of sweetcorn: sweetcorn ear; sweetcorn grains; sweetcorn flour 玉米的三种形态：玉米棒子，玉米粒，玉米粉 qʰɑ˧dze˧-hwæ˩-di˩ noun Tone: °L. classifier: kɤ˧˥ beams_of_rack. 粮架的横梁. house. qʰɑ˧dze˧-lv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: pʰv˩ maize field, sweetcorn field. 包谷田. natural environment. qʰɑ˧tɑ˧ pronoun Tone: M. when. 什么时候. morphosyntax. qʰɑ˧tɑ˧ bi˧? When will you go? 你什么时候去？ qʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥ adjective completely_dry. 充分干燥. verb. qʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥-gv˩ completely dry 充分干燥 le˧-pv˧-zo˩, | qʰɑ˧ʈʂʰɤ˧ʈʂʰɤ˥-gv˩-ze˩! Now it is dry: completely dry! 现在，干了：全干了！ qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ pronoun Tone: L. how_many. 多少. morphosyntax. qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ tʰi˥-ki˩? How much does it cost? 要给多少？ = 多少钱？ qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ ɲi˧? How much do (you) need? 要多少？ ɖʐe˧ | qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ ɲi˧? How much money does it cost? 要多少钱？ qʰɑ˩ne˩ pronoun Tone: L. how. 怎么样. morphosyntax. qʰɑ˩ne˩ ʝi˥? how to do / how is it done? 怎么做？ qʰɑ˩ne˩ ʝi˥-tso˩-ɲi˩? how must one do / how is it done? 要怎么做？ qʰɑ˩ne˩ gv˩˥? how to do / how is it done? 怎么做？ qʰɑ˩ne˩ gv˩-ho˥-ze˩? What happened? 怎么样了？发展到什么程度？ qʰæ˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pɤ˥ excrements. 屎. body. qʰæ˧ ɖɯ˧-pɤ˧ ʂe˧˥ to defecate 拉一泡屎 qʰæ˧ kv˥ to pick up dung 捡（马……）屎 qʰæ˧-pi˩ kv˩ to pick up a little dung (to fertilize the fields) 捡一点（马……）屎 qʰæ˧ ɖɯ˧-pi˧ kv˥ as above: to pick up a little dung (to fertilize the fields) 同上：捡一点（马……）屎 classifier: pɤ˥ fart. 屁. body. qʰæ˧ kʰɯ˩ to fart 放屁 qʰæ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pɤ˥ kʰɯ˩ to fart, to make a fart 放一个屁 garbage. 垃圾. qʰæ˥ verb Tone: H. to_gnaw. 啃. verb. qʰæ˥ adjective Tone: H. cold. 冷. adjective. dʑɯ˩ qʰæ˩˥ cold water 凉水 qʰæ˧-ɕjæ˧-gv˧ very cold 冷得很 qʰæ˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰɯ˩ classifier: objets longs trench. 水沟. natural environment. qʰæ˧ verb to_fart. 放屁. verb. qʰæ˧ b verb Tone: Mb. to_break. 断. verb. le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˧ accomp _ pfv 断了 si˧ qʰæ˩ to break wood 砸木头 qʰæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_dam. 小水坝. natural environment. qʰæ˧kʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ a small dam 一个小水坝 qʰæ˧lo˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: kʰɯ˩ small_trench. 小水渠. natural environment. See: qʰæ˧zo#˥ qʰæ˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰɯ˩ classifier: objets longs large_trench. 大水渠. natural environment. qʰæ˧mo˩ noun Tone: L#. poisonous_mushroom. 有毒的一种菌子. plant. qʰæ˧tv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ anus. 肛门. body. qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧ noun Tone: M. village_name. 开基村. place name. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧-hĩ˧ ɲi˥! (S)he is from the village of Kaiji! 他是开基村人！ dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落之一 qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧-ɬi˧dʑɯ˩ noun Tone: °L#. river_of_Yongning. 永宁坝的河流. place name. qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ adjective Tone: MH#. Etym: qʰæ˩a 1. quiet. 安静. adjective. qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to sit quietly, free from toil and care 安静地坐着 qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-ʝi˧ to work quietly 安静地工作 qʰæ˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰɯ˩ classifier: objets longs small_canal. 小水渠. natural environment. See: qʰæ˧lo˧˥ qʰæ˩ verb Tone: La. to_harvest. 采（玉米）. verb. qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰæ˩ to harvest sweet corn 采玉米 qʰɑ˧dze˧ | le˧-qʰæ˩-ze˩ The sweetcorn has been harvested. 玉米收好了。 qʰɑ˧dze˧ | ɖɯ˧-qʰæ˧~qʰæ˥-ɻ˩ to harvest some sweet corn 去采些玉米 qʰæ˩ a adjective Tone: La. fake. 假. adjective. qʰæ˩-hĩ˩˥, | tʰɑ˧-ʐwɤ˩! Do not tell lies! / Do not tell things that are false! 假话，不要说！ =不要撒谎！ qʰæ˧ ʐwɤ˧ to tell lies 撒谎、说谎 qʰæ˩ a adjective Tone: La. well/quiet. 安乐. adjective. hĩ˧ | ə˩-qʰæ˩˥? How are you? 你好吗？ / 一切好吗？ njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-qʰæ˩. I don't feel well. 我不舒服。 easy. 轻松. qʰæ˩-hĩ˩˥ rel 轻松的 qʰæ˩bæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: nɑ˧ spoon. 调羹. object. qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥ adjective Tone: L+H#. quiet. 安宁. adjective. qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩-ɻ˩ to sit quietly for a while 安静地坐一会 qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥-gv˩ peacefully 安宁地 qʰæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_come_out. 出来. verb. tʰi˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ dur _ pfv dur _ pfv qʰæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_pull_down. 拆. verb. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ qʰæ˧˥ to demolish a house 拆房子 qʰæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_share. 分. verb. qʰæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_shoot. 开枪. verb. le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 开枪了 mv˧ʐe˧ qʰæ˩(-ze˩) to shoot with a gun 开枪 qʰæ˧˥ adjective Tone: MH. happy. 幸福. adjective. le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv accomp _ pfv lo˧ qʰæ˩ to work in a quiet, relaxed manner 轻松工作 qʰæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_go_brown. 变黑. verb. le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv accomp _ pfv mɤ˧ | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ The oil has burned / has reached boiling point / has gone black! 油焦了！ hɑ˧ | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ The rice has burned / is overcooked. 饭糊了。 v˩tsʰɤ˩˥ | hṽ˧~hṽ˧ F | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥! The vegetables are going brown / are overcooked / are getting burnt from frying! 菜都炒糊了！ ʂe˧ | hṽ˧~hṽ˧ F | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥! The meat is going brown / is overcooked / is getting burnt from frying! 肉都炒焦了！ qʰo˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_pile. 堆起来. verb. lv˧mi˧ tʰi˧-qʰo˧ to pile up stones 石头堆起来 qʰo˧lo˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ wheel. 轮子. object. qʰo˧mo˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: pʰo˧˥ old_cow. 老牛. animal. qʰo˩ b verb Tone: Lb. to_invite. 邀请. verb. hĩ˧ qʰo˧˥ to invite someone 邀请人 hĩ˧bæ˧ qʰo˧˥ to invite a guest 邀请客人 hĩ˧bæ˧ | qʰo˧-zo˧-ho˥ We should invite guests! 需要请一下客人！ hĩ˧bæ˧ qʰo˧-di˧˥ Euphemism for 'rat poison'. This phrase is intended not to attract the mice's attention to these preparations. ‘待客的东西’（老鼠药的委婉语。如果说出来要买老鼠药，老鼠会知道，就不会吃的。） ɖɯ˧-qʰo˥~qʰo˩-ɻ˩ delimitative red inceptive delimitative red inceptive：请一下 qʰo˩-mɤ˥-qʰo˩ to invite or not 请不请 qʰo˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ ...will not invite 不请了 / 不要请了 qʰo˩dv˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hammer. 大锤子. object. ʂe˩-qʰo˩dv˧˥ iron hammer 铁锤子 qʰo˩mv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ straw_hat. 斗笠. clothing. qʰo˩tv˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ tree_stump. 树墩. plant. qʰo˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_peck. 啄. verb. hɑ˧ qʰo˩(-ze˩) to peck cereals 啄粮食 hɑ˧ qʰo˥~qʰo˩ (-dʑo˩) to peck cereals 啄粮食 æ˩-ɳɯ˥ | hɑ˧ qʰo˩ the chicken is pecking cereals 鸡在啄粮食 qʰo˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_kill. 杀. verb. bo˩ qʰo˧˥ / bo˩ qʰo˧-ze˥ to slaughter a pig 杀猪 bo˩˥ | le˧-qʰo˧-ze˥ the pig has been slaughtered 杀了猪 æ˩ qʰo˧˥ to kill a chicken 杀鸡 ʝi˧ qʰo˩ to kill a cow 杀牛 qʰv˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ sound. 声音. abstract. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧tso˧ qʰv˧ ɲi˥? What is this sound? 这是什么声音？ qʰv˥ a classifier Tone: Ha. clf .hamlets . 量词 .村落 . classifier. ŋwɤ˧-qʰv˧, | tsʰe˧ɲi˧-ʑi˩ Five hamlets, twelve families! (This formula summarizes the statistics of the village of /ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥/) 五个村落，十二个家庭！（描写阿拉瓦村的情况） qʰv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hole. 洞. natural environment. burrow. 野兽的洞穴. ɖɤ˧-qʰv˧ (ton M) fox burrow 狐狸的窝 ʂwæ˧ qʰv˧ (ton M) otter's burrow 水獭的窝 qʰv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ classifier: dze˩ classifier: paire horn. 犄角. animal. ʝi˧-qʰv#˥ Ox horn. Ox horns are used as containers for drinking. 牛角（过去，用牛角来当饮料容器） ʈʂʰæ˧-qʰv˥ stag horn 鹿角 qʰv˧dʑɯ˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hole. 窟窿. natural environment. hwæ˧tsɯ˥-qʰv˩dʑi˩ mousehole 耗子洞 qʰv˧dʑɯ˧ tsʰi˧ (-ze˩) to bore a hole 挖一个洞 qʰv˧ɬi˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. 6th_month. 六月. time. qʰv˧tʰv#˥ classifier Tone: #H. clf .hornful . 量词 .角 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ɲi˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | so˩-qʰv˩tʰv˩˥, | ʐv˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ŋwɤ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | qʰv˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ʂɯ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | hõ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | gv˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | tsʰe˩-qʰv˩tʰv˩˥ association with numerals from 1 to 10 与数词结合，一至十 qʰv˩ɖɯ˩ noun Tone: L. attachment. 关心. abstract. qʰv˩ɖɯ˩ pʰv˥ to care for someone, to respect, to feel attachment to someone 关心（一个人），重视（如：孩子重视父母） qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kʰɯ˩ string. 小绳子. agriculture. qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-kʰɯ˥ n + dem + clf 一条细的绳子 qʰv˩~qʰv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_fold. 折叠. verb. qʰv˩~qʰv˧-ze˥ pfv 折起来了 le˧-qʰv˩~qʰv˩ accomp accomp qʰv˩tsʰi˧˥ numeral Tone: LM+MH#. 60. 60. number. qʰv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_huddle_up. 蜷缩. verb. ɲi˧-qʰv˧˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to be seated, leaning forward, torso bent towards the thighs 坐着身体缩成一团 ɲi˧-qʰv˧-ʝi˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to be seated, leaning forward, torso bent towards the thighs 坐着身体缩成一团 qʰv˧˥ numeral Tone: MH. 6. 6. number. qʰwæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ message. 信息. object. qʰwæ˧ po˧˥ to carry a letter; to convey a message 带信息、传信息，传一封信 qʰwæ˧ kʰwɤ˧˥ to be in touch (with someone) 互相通信息、有联系（两个人互相通信息） dɑ˧pɤ˧-qʰwæ#˥ the tales of the /dɑ˧pɤ˧/ priests 达巴的故事 qʰwæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ gossip. 蜚语. abstract. ɖɯ˧-zɯ˧ qʰwæ˧kʰwɤ˧ to tell a piece of gossip 讲一点八卦 qʰwæ˧ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kɤ˧˥ vegetable_garden. 菜园. house. qʰwæ˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ message/information. 口信/信息. object. qʰwæ˧mi˧ ʝi˧ to carry a message 带一个口信 qʰwæ˧ʈɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: bɤ˧˥ kerchief. 头帕. clothing. qʰwæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kɤ˧˥ fence. 篱笆. house. qʰwæ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_block. 挡住. verb. qʰwæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_break/to_crack. 弄碎. verb. ʁo˧do˧ qʰwæ˧˥ to crack walnuts 敲开坚果（在永宁，不用夹子：用锤子敲开） qʰwæ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_slap. 掴. verb. le˧-qʰwæ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 掴了 zɯ˧ɻ˧ qʰwæ˩ to slap/smack someone's cheek 打嘴巴 zɯ˧ɻ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | tʰi˧-qʰwæ˧-bi˥! I'm going to slap your cheek! (Said by an adult to a child) 我要打嘴巴了！（对孩子说） qʰwæ˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .filaments . 量词 .丝 . classifier. qʰwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: pʰo˧˥ traces. 痕迹. body. qʰwɤ˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_heal. 治好. verb. le˧-qʰwɤ˧-ɲi˥! It is healed! / It has healed! 治好了！ qʰwɤ˧bi˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: bi˩ classifier: tʰv˧˥ hoof/foot. 马蹄. animal. ʐwæ˧-qʰwɤ˧bi˥# horse hoof 马蹄、（马、狗……的）脚 kʰv˩-qʰwɤ˩bi˥# dog's foot 狗脚 footprints/track. 痕迹. qʰwɤ˧mi˥$ noun Tone: H$. large_bowl. 大碗. object. See: qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$ qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$ noun Tone: H$. large_bowl. 大碗. object. See: qʰwɤ˧mi˥$ qʰwɤ˧ʂe˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: nɑ˧ classifier: pʰo˧˥ horseshoe. 马蹄铁. object. ʐwæ˧-qʰwɤ˧ʂe˥ (+ɲi˩) horseshoe 马蹄铁 qʰwɤ˧to˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ tip_of_the_shoulder. 肩膀的末端. body. hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | qʰwɤ˧to˩ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ | ʂwæ˧-hṽ˩-di˩! This person's shoulders are not quite straight! / His/her shoulders don't align! 这个人的肩膀不正，一高一低！ qʰwɤ˧tʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ bamboo_basket_for_water. 竹篓. object. qʰwɤ˧tsʰi˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ shoulder. 肩膀. body. qʰwɤ˧tsʰi˩-ʁo˩ | hwæ˧pʰæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-nɑ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧ gɤ˧˥ to carry a hoe on the shoulder 肩上扛一把锄头 qʰwɤ˧zo˥$ noun Tone: H$. small_bowl. 小碗. object. qʰwɤ˩ a adjective Tone: La. intelligent. 聪明. adjective. qʰwɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ rel / nmlz 聪明的 qʰwɤ˩-le˥! (You are/(s)he is) clever! (A comment when someone says/does something clever) 很聪明！ / 太聪明了！ ɖwæ˧˥ | qʰwɤ˩˥! intensive .very _ 很聪明！ qʰwɤ˩ a adjective Tone: La. bad. 坏. adjective. kʰv˧ | qʰwɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ a bad year (a year when crops are not good) （收成）不好的一年 kʰv˧ qʰwɤ˧˥ a bad year (a year when crops are not good) （收成）不好的一年 tsʰi˧-ʝi˧, | kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧ tʰv˧˥! This year is a bad year! (=a year when crops are not good) 今年，年景不好！（收成不好） ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nv˩mi˩˥ | ɖwæ˧˥ | qʰwɤ˩˥! He has a really bad heart! / He is a really bad man! 他心很坏！ qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩˥ to do bad things: to damage stuff; to annoy people... 干坏事：损坏东西，干扰人家…… ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-bv˧ tso˧~tso˧ | le˧-qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩-ze˩! (S)he has damaged my stuff! 他弄坏了我的东西！ hĩ˧ qʰwɤ˧-ʝi˥ to annoy people 干扰人家、麻烦人 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | to˩to˧mi˥ hĩ˩ qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩! (S)he purposedly annoys people! / (S)he annoys people on purpose! 他故意麻烦人！ qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: v˧ relatives. 亲戚. society. ə˧zɯ˩ | qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ ɲi˥ We two belong to the same family. 咱们两个是一家人。 qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩˥, | v˩dze˩˥ family and friends, extended family circle 亲人：泛指亲戚与亲密朋友们 qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ to˥ to establish family ties between two families (through marriage) 建立起两个家庭之间的联系（通过婚姻） qʰwɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: ɭɯ˧ bowl. 碗. object. qʰwɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ tale. 故事. abstract. æ˧ʂæ˧-qʰwɤ˧˥ tale, folk tale 老故事 qʰwɤ˧˥ a classifier Tone: MHa. clf .bowlfuls . 量词 .碗 . classifier.