Index

l

lɑ˧ lɑ˧bi#˥ lɑ˧do#˥ lɑ˧hwɤ˩ lɑ˧kɤ˩ lɑ˧kʰv˧˥ lɑ˧~lɑ˧ lɑ˧~lɑ˧ b lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥ lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ lɑ˧mɑ˧ lɑ˧mi#˥ lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧ lɑ˧pʰv#˥ lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$ lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥-ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-lɑ˩mv˩ lɑ˧zi˥ lɑ˧zo#˥ lɑ˩gv˧ lɑ˩gv˧-lɑ˩ɲi˩ lɑ˩jɤ˧-ɬi˧ lɑ˩~lɑ˧˥ lɑ˩mɑ˩ lɑ˩tɑ˧ -lɑ˩tɑ˩ lɑ˩ʈʂv˩ lɑ˧˥ lɑ˧˥ læ˧dæ˧qæ˥ læ˧ʁæ˥$ læ˧ʁæ˧mi˥$ læ˧ʁæ˧-pʰv#˥ læ˧tsɯ˥ le˧‑ le˧-tɑ˧˥ le˧-wo˥ le˧-wo˧ le˧-wo˧-tʰo˥-tɕo˩ li˧ a li˧ʐv˩ li˩pi˥ li˩˥ ljɤ˩ a ljɤ˩mi˥ ljɤ˩mi˥-ʈæ˩qo˩ ljɤ˩ʂɯ˩ ljɤ˩˥ ljɤ˩˥ lje˩fe˧ lo˧ lo˧ b lo˧bæ˧˥ lo˧bv˩-ʈʂʰɯ˩ lo˧ɖʐɤ˩ lo˧fv˧ lo˧gv˩ lo˧hɑ˧ lo˧ʝi˧ lo˧ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ#˥ lo˧lo˧ lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩ lo˧ɲi˥ lo˧ɲi˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ lo˧ɲi˥ | ɲi˧-ɭɯ˧ lo˧ɲi˥ | so˧-ɭɯ˧ lo˧ʂv˩ lo˧ʂv˩ | -hi˩-nɑ˧mi˧ lo˧tɑ˧-lo˧tɕi#˥ lo˩ lo˩ lo˩ b lo˩bɤ˩ lo˩bv˧-ɭɯ˩ lo˩dv#˥ lo˩dzi˩ lo˩dʑo˥ lo˩ɖɯ˧ lo˩-gv˧dv˧ lo˩jɤ˧ lo˩ko˧ lo˩mi˧ lo˩mi˧-qɑ˩ lo˩pv˧˥ lo˩qʰv˩ lo˩qʰwɤ˧ lo˩qʰwɤ˧-kʰɯ˧ʑi˧˥ lo˩ʁwæ#˥ lo˩tʰo˧ lo˩tsʰɯ˥-sɑ˩ lo˩ʈv˧ lo˩ʈʰɯ˧ lo˩ʈʂæ˧˥ lo˧˥ lo˧˥ lv˥ lv˧ lv˧ lv˧dʑɯ˥ lv˧mi˧ lv˧mi˧-bo#˥ lv˧mi˧-dʑɯ˧dʑɯ˩ lv˧pʰv˩ lv˧pʰv˩ lv˧qæ#˥ lv˧sɯ˥ lv˧tsɯ˥ lv˩ a lv˩ a lv˩ a lv˩ a lv˩ʝi˧ lv˩~lv˧˥ lv˩tɕʰɯ˧ lv˩tɕʰɯ˧-hĩ#˥ lv˧˥ lv˧˥ lv˧˥ lwæ˩pʰv˩ lwɤ˩˥

lɑ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: pʰo˧˥ tiger. 老虎. animal. lɑ˧bi#˥ noun Tone: #H. steep_slope. 陡坡. natural environment. lɑ˧bi˧-tsɤ˧ steep (literally 'like a steep slope') ‘像陡坡’，等于：很陡 lɑ˧bi˧-tsɤ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! It is really steep! 陡得很！ lɑ˧do#˥ noun Tone: #H. horse_groom. 马夫. society. lɑ˧hwɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. village_name. 村落名. place name. lɑ˧kɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_wine_jar. 小酒坛子. object. lɑ˧kʰv˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. year_of_the_Tiger. 虎年. time. lɑ˧~lɑ˧ adjective Tone: M. flabby. 松弛. adjective. lɑ˧~lɑ˧ b verb Tone: Mb. to_dilute. 掺水. verb. (dʑɯ˧-qo˧) le˧-lɑ˧~lɑ˧ to dilute in water 掺水 lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥ noun Tone: H#. village_name. 拉洛瓦村. place name. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ conjunction Tone: MH#. apart_from. 这以外. morphosyntax. tsɑ˧bɤ˧ mɤ˧-pʰv˧ɖɯ˧! | lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥, | ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˩ | pʰv˩ɖɯ˩˥! Flour is not expensive; apart from it, everything is expensive! / Flour is cheap; but everything else is expensive! (An observation about the cost of living in early 21st-century Yongning) 面粉不贵。其它的呢，什么都贵！（题目：讲今日永宁食品物价） lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ pronoun Tone: MH#. other. 别的. morphosyntax. lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-tɕi˥ some others, a few others 其它一些 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕi˩ those other, those few others, the few that remained 其它的那些 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-ʁo˩ ɲi˩! It's something different! / That's a different matter! 是另一回事！ / 是另一码事！ See: lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥2 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ adjective Tone: MH#. other. 别的. morphosyntax. lɑ˧ɬɑ˧ hĩ˥ other people 其它人 ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ | le˧-se˩, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ ʝi˧! / ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ | le˧-se˩, | wɤ˩˥ | lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ ʝi˧! | When one has finished one task, one moves on to another! 做完一件事情，就轮到另一个！ See: lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥1 lɑ˧mɑ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ From: Tibetan bla-ma. lama. 喇嘛. society. hæ˧-lɑ˩mɑ˩ Chinese lama 汉族喇嘛 lɑ˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰo˧˥ / mi˩ female_tiger. 母老虎. animal. lɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / lɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# n + dem + clf 那只老虎 lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧ noun Tone: M. mountain_name. 山名. place name. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落 lɑ˧pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰo˧˥ / ɭɯ˧ male_tiger. 公老虎. animal. lɑ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 那只老虎 lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. Na_area_around_Lugu_lake. 泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区. place name. ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ Villages that one passes when moving away from the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/ , is not a village name like the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area beyond the fourth village. 从永宁往泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里格、尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、洛水村等） lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$ noun Tone: H$. family_name. 一个姓. given name. lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˧=ɻ˥$ the /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ clan, the /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ family |fv /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ 家族 /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ 家族 lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥-ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-lɑ˩mv˩ noun Tone: H#-M-L. Latami_Dashilame. 拉他咪•达石拉么. given name. lɑ˧zi˥ noun Tone: H#. painter. 画家. society. ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | lɑ˧zi˥ ɲi˩! (S)he is a painter! / (S)he can paint! 他是画家！ lɑ˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ baby_tiger. 小老虎. animal. lɑ˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 那只小老虎 lɑ˩gv˧ adjective Tone: LM. curved. 弯. adjective. si˧dzi˩ | lɑ˩-gv˧-ze˩ The tree got crooked. 树弯了。 lɑ˩gv˧-lɑ˩ɲi˩ adjective Tone: LM-L. Etym: lɑ˩gv˧. crooked. 弯. adjective. lɑ˩jɤ˧-ɬi˧ noun Tone: LM-. 12th_month. 十二月. time. lɑ˩~lɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_fight. 打架. verb. lɑ˩lɑ˧-hĩ˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕi˩ those people who are fighting 打架的这些(人) See: lɑ˩mɑ˩ noun Tone: L. family_name. 一个姓. given name. lɑ˩mɑ˩=ɻ˥$ the /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ clan, the /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ family |fv /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ 家族 /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ 家族 lɑ˩mɑ˩-gv˥mɑ˩ the name of a person, containing both a family name: fv:/lɑ˩mɑ˩/, and a given name: fv:/gv˧mɑ˧/ 一个人的名字：姓为|fv /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ ，名为|fv /gv˧mɑ˧/ /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ ，名为 /gv˧mɑ˧/ lɑ˩tɑ˧ adjective Tone: LM. askew. 歪. adjective. -lɑ˩tɑ˩ postposition Tone: L. close_to. space. ɑ˩ʁo˧ | -lɑ˩tɑ˩˥ the perimeter of the house: the surface on which the house (farm) extends 家的面积 lɑ˩ʈʂv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kɤ˧˥ From: Chinese 蜡烛 . 蜡烛::candle. 蜡烛. object. lɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_strike. 打. verb. hĩ˧ lɑ˩ to strike someone 打人 hɑ˧ lɑ˩ to beat the grain 打粮食 nv˩ɭɯ˧ lɑ˧ to beat soy 打大豆 sɯ˩tʰi˩-po˥-ɳɯ˩ | lɑ˧˥ to break with a knife (brick tea: compressed tea leaves) 用刀子来砍（沱茶、茶饼） ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | ɬi˧di˩-dʑo˩, | æ˧ lɑ˩-hĩ˩ F | dʑo˩˥! | ʂe˧ lɑ˧-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! | hæ̃˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! | ŋv˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! In the past, in Yongning, there were craftsmen who forged copper! craftsmen who forged iron! craftsmen who forged gold! and craftsmen who forged silver! 过去，在永宁，有铜匠、铁匠、金匠、银匠。 ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | ɬi˧di˩-dʑo˩, | æ˧ lɑ˩-hĩ˩ dʑo˩, | ʂe˧ lɑ˧-hĩ˥ dʑo˩, | hæ̃˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ dʑo˩, | ŋv˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ dʑo˩. In the past, in Yongning, there were craftsmen who forged copper; craftsmen who forged iron; craftsmen who forged gold; and craftsmen who forged silver. 过去，在永宁，有铜匠、铁匠、金匠、银匠。 See: lɑ˩~lɑ˧˥ lɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_form(dew). 有. verb. ɖʐv˧ lɑ˧˥ Some dew has appeared; there is some dew 结露水了。 ɖʐv˧qʰɑ˧ lɑ˧˥ Some dew has appeared; there is some dew 结露水了。 læ˧dæ˧qæ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ armpit. 腋下. body. læ˧ʁæ˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: mi˩ raven. 乌鸦. animal. læ˧ʁæ˧mi˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: mi˩ female_raven. 母乌鸦. animal. læ˧ʁæ˧-pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: mi˩ male_raven. 公乌鸦. animal. læ˧ʁæ˧-pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥$ n + dem + clf 那只公乌鸦 læ˧tsɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Chinese 辣子 . 辣子::chilly_peppers. 辣椒（ 借词） . plant. læ˧tsɯ˥ hṽ˩~hṽ˩ to fry chilly peppers 炒辣椒 le˧‑ prefix Tone: M/0. accomp . 实施 . morphosyntax. le˧-tɑ˧˥ conjunction Tone: MH. 连. morphosyntax. le˧-wo˥ adverb Tone: H#. over_again. 再. morphosyntax. le˧-wo˧ adverb Tone: M. again/back. 又. verb. le˧-wo˧ jo˧ to come back 回 le˧-wo˧ le˧-gv˩ to do over again 从头开始 le˧-wo˧ le˧-gv˧~gv˥ to build anew, to make anew, to rebuild 重新做、重新建 le˧-wo˧ le˥-tɕo˩ ʐwɤ˩ to speak over and over again, to rant, to repeat ceaselessly 重复讲说过的话 le˧-wo˧-tʰo˥-tɕo˩ adverb afterwards. 后来. morphosyntax. li˧ a verb Tone: Ma. to_look_at. 看. verb. tʰi˧-li˧-dʑo˧ dur _ prog 正在看 tso˧~tso˧ li˩ to look at things 看东西 to_manage. 管理. verb. ɑ˩ʁo˧ li˧ to manage the household, to look after the house; to keep watch over the house 管家、管家里的事情，看守家 to_visit. 访问. verb. pʰæ˧tɕi˥-zo˩-ɳɯ˩ | mv˩zo˩ li˥ The young man sees the young woman. (Euphemistic phrasing, meaning "the young man has sexual intercourse with the young woman".) 小伙子去拜访年轻女人（委婉语，指性交） li˧ʐv˩ noun Tone: L#. tenderloins. 里脊肉. food. li˩pi˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ tea_dregs. 泡了太久的茶叶. food. li˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: qʰwɤ˧˥ classifier: bol tea. 茶. food. li˩qʰɑ˩ 'bitter tea': herbal tea prepared with leaves of Chinese peony, when there was no tea available; it had medicinal properties ‘苦茶’：用白芍药来泡的饮料，没有茶的时候就喝这种‘苦茶’。它有医疗作用，帮助消化。 ljɤ˩ a classifier Tone: La. clf .lives . 量词 .命 . classifier. ʈʂʰɯ˧-ljɤ˥ dem _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ ljɤ˩mi˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ major_beam. 大梁. house. ljɤ˩mi˥-ʈæ˩qo˩ noun Tone: LH-. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ decoration_of_major_beam. 大梁的装饰. house. ljɤ˩ʂɯ˩ noun Tone: L. From: Chinese 粮食 . 粮食::cereals. 粮食（ 借词） . plant. ljɤ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ beam. 梁. house. ljɤ˩˥ noun Tone: LM?LH?. classifier: ljɤ˩ destiny. 命运. abstract. no˧ | ljɤ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ljɤ˩-dʑo˩, | qʰæ˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! You really have a happy lot! 你命好！ hĩ˧-ljɤ˥ human existence, the human lot 人命、人类的命运 lje˩fe˧ noun Tone: LM. From: Chinese 凉粉 . mungo_bean_jelly. 凉粉. plant. lo˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: lo˧ work. 事情. abstract. lo˧ dʑo˧ to be busy, to have work to do 忙，有活要干 njɤ˧ | lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧. I am not busy. / I have some free time. 我不忙。 usefulness. 用处. lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧ It's no use / it does not have any usefulness. (Context: talking about ivy, which cannot be fed to cattle and is not used for medical purposes, or for firewood, or for making ropes, tools...) 没有用！（情景：谈到常春藤，说它是没有用处的植物） lo˧ b classifier Tone: Mb. clf .tasks . 量词 .事情/活 . classifier. lo˧bæ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. suspended_bridge/zip_line. 索桥/溜索. society. lo˧bv˩-ʈʂʰɯ˩ noun Tone: L#-. classifier: pʰo˧˥ classifier: v˧ From: Tibetan . elephant. 象. animal. lo˧ɖʐɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: nɑ˧ weeding_hoe. 三齿耙. agriculture. lo˧ɖʐɤ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-nɑ˩ n + dem + clf 这把三齿耙 lo˧fv˧ adjective easy. 容易. adjective. lo˧fv˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ very easy 很容易 lo˧gv˩ noun Tone: L#. Ninglang. 宁蒗. place name. lo˧gv˩-di˩mi˩ the Ninglang plain 宁蒗坝子 lo˧hɑ˧ adjective difficult. 难做. adjective. ʝi˧ lo˧hɑ˧ difficult to do 难做 ʝi˧ lo˧hɑ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ extremely difficult to do 非常难做 lo˧ʝi˧ verb to_work. 劳动. verb. See: lo˧ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ worker. 劳动人. society. lo˧lo˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ Yi. 彝族. ethnic groups. lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩ noun prison. 监狱. noun. lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩-qo˩ ʈæ˩ to jail, to put into prison 放在监狱、关在监狱里 See: tɕɤ˧jo˩ lo˧ɲi˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ finger. 手指. body. lo˧ɲi˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: H# | M. index. 食指. body. lo˧ɲi˥ | ɲi˧-ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: H# | M. middle_finger. 中指. body. lo˧ɲi˥ | so˧-ɭɯ˧ noun ring_finger. 第四根手指. body. lo˧ʂv˩ noun Tone: L#. Luoshui. 洛水村. place name. lo˧ʂv˩ | -hi˩-nɑ˧mi˧ noun Tone: L# | L-. Lugu_lake. 泸沽湖. place name. lo˧tɑ˧-lo˧tɕi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pɤ˥ classifier: pʰæ˧˥ From: Tibetan rlungrta. streamer_of_scriptures. 经幡. religion. lo˧tɑ˧-lo˧tɕi˧ | le˧-lɑ˧˥ to print a streamer of scriptures; more generally: to string together a streamer of scriptures 直译：印出一个经幡。也来指准备经幡的工作（到山上去挂之前） lo˩ verb Tone: L. to_cross. 过（垭口）. verb. mv˩tɕo˧-lo˩ to go down (after crossing a mountain pass) 往下过去（过了垭口以后） lo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: lo˩ valley. 山谷. natural environment. lo˧-qo˧ in the valley 山谷里 lo˩ b classifier Tone: Lb. clf .valleys . 量词 .谷 . classifier. hĩ˧-ɻ̃˧ | ɖɯ˧-lo˩ literally 'a valley of people', to mean: all the population of that valley 住在一座山谷里的所有人（直译：‘一山谷的人’） si˧dzi˩ | ɖɯ˧-lo˩ 'a valley [of/covered with] trees', i.e. a large tract of woodland 一山谷的树，一片森林（直译：‘一山谷的树’） lo˩bɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ palm. 手掌. body. lo˩bv˧-ɭɯ˩ noun Tone: LM-L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ elbow. 肘. body. lo˩dv#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: v˧ one_armed_person. 独臂人. society. lo˩dzi˩ classifier Tone: L. clf .handfuls(both_hands) . 量词 .捧 . classifier. lo˩dʑo˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: pʰo˧˥ bracelet. 手镯. clothing. ŋv˩-lo˩dʑo˧ (+ɲi˩) silver bracelet 银手镯 hæ̃˩-lo˩dʑo˥ (+ɲi˩) gold bracelet 金手镯 jo˧-lo˥dʑo˩ jade bracelet 玉手镯 lo˩dʑo˥ kʰɯ˩ to put on a bracelet 戴上手镯 lo˩ɖɯ˧ adjective Tone: LM. generous. 大方. adjective. lo˩-gv˧dv˧ noun Tone: L-. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ back_of_the_hand. 手背. body. lo˩jɤ˧ noun Tone: LM. silver_coin. 银元. society. lo˩jɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pʰæ˧˥ one silver coin 一块银元 lo˩ko˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Chinese 锣锅 . 锣锅::cooking_pot. 锣锅. object. lo˩ko˧: | hɑ˧ tɕɤ˩-di˩! | æ˧-v˧, | dʑɯ˩-kʰɯ˩-di˩˥! | ʈʂʰɤ˧ho˥, | dʑɯ˩ tɕɯ˩-di˩˥! | The cooking pot is for cooking cereals! The copper pot is for putting water! The boiler is for boiling water! (A summary of the respective uses of the three types of pots in use in Yongning about the middle of the 20th century.) 锣锅，是用来煮饭的！铜锅，是放水用的！水壶，是来煮水的！（描写永宁二十世纪中使用的三种锅） lo˩mi˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ thumb. 大拇指. body. lo˩mi˧-qɑ˩ noun Tone: LM-L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ space_between_thumb_and_index_finger. 虎口. body. lo˩pv˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ ring. 戒指. clothing. ŋv˩-lo˩pv˩ silver ring 银戒指 hæ̃˩-lo˩pv˩ gold ring 金戒指 lo˩qʰv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: lo˩ gully. 山沟. natural environment. lo˩qʰwɤ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: pʰo˧˥ arm. 胳膊. body. lo˩qʰwɤ˧ li˧ to look at (the) arm 看胳膊 hand. 手. lo˩qʰwɤ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ to wash one's hands 洗手 lo˩qʰwɤ˧-kʰɯ˧ʑi˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. glove. 手套. clothing. lo˩ʁwæ#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. left-handed_person. 左撇子. body. lo˩tʰo˧ noun Tone: LM. : dze˩ chains. 手铐. object. lo˩tʰo˧ kʰɯ˧˥ to put handcuffs, to put on chains (on someone's hands) 戴上手铐 lo˩tsʰɯ˥-sɑ˩ noun Tone: LH-. meat_of_anterior_limbs. 前腿的肉. food. lo˩ʈv˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ʈv˩ fist. 拳. body. lo˩ʈʰɯ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ʈv˩ elbow. 肘. body. lo˩ʈʂæ˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. classifier: ʈʂæ˧˥ joint_of_arm. 手臂的关节. body. lo˧˥ adjective Tone: MH. thick. 厚. adjective. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | lo˧-pæ˧-ɻæ˥-gv˩! It's really thick! 很厚啊！ lo˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_join_hands. 拱手. verb. tsʰɤ˧tsʰɤ˧ lo˧˥ to join hands in an indication of submission 拱手作揖 tsʰɤ˧tsʰɤ˧ | le˧-lo˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv accomp _ pfv lv˥ verb Tone: H. to_wind/to_wrap. 缠/裹. verb. le˧-qo˥-lv˩ to wrap, to coil 裹起来 kʰɯ˧ qo˧-lv˥ to wind a thread 缠线 qo˧-lv˩ to wrap, to coil 裹 lv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kɤ˧˥ field. 田地. natural environment. lv˧ noun Tone: M. cereals_for_horses or cattle. 喂给马或牛的粮食. food. ʐwæ˧-lv˧ cereals fed to horses; same meaning as /ʐwæ˧-ɭɯ#˥/ 喂给马的粮食 See: ʐwæ˧-ɭɯ#˥ lv˧dʑɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ʈʂwɤ˧ stone_chips. 零碎的石头块. object. lv˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ stone. 石头. natural environment. kʰv˧pʰæ˧tɕi˩, | lv˧mi˧ dzɯ˧-bi˧-ʁo˧-ho˩! 'When one is young, one could eat stones!' (Meaning: when one is young, one can eat anything, one has an excellent digestion; as one gets old, one is less tolerant of food that is not easy to digest.) ‘年轻人，石头都能吃！’（意思：年轻人消化好，吃什么都行，而人变老就不那么容易消化了，要注意吃什么。） lv˧mi˧-bo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ stone_wall. 石墙. house. lv˧mi˧-dʑɯ˧dʑɯ˩ noun Tone: °L#. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ little_slabs_of_stone. 零碎的石块. object. lv˧pʰv˩ verb to_open_land. 开荒. verb. lv˧pʰv˩-hɯ˩ [(S)he] has gone to open new land. 他开荒去了。 lv˧pʰv˩-bi˩-tso˩-ɲi˩ It's necessary to go and open new land for cultivation. / We're going to have to open new land for cultivation. 应该去开荒了。 lv˧pʰv˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: pʰv˩ paddy_field. 水田. natural environment. lv˧qæ#˥ noun Tone: #˥. boundary_between_fields. 地界. space. lv˧sɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: v˧ Lisu. 傈僳族. ethnic groups. lv˧tsɯ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: nɑ˧ From: Chinese 炉子 . 炉子::oven. 炉子（ 借词） . object. lv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_bark. 狗吠. verb. kʰv˩mi˩ lv˥ | the dog barks 狗吠 kʰv˩ lv˥-dʑo˩ | the dog is barking 狗在叫 ɖɯ˧-lv˧~lv˥-ɻ˩ delimitative _ red inceptive 叫一叫 lv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_coil. 卷起来. verb. le˧-qæ˥-lv˩ to coil 卷起来 le˧-lv˧~lv˧ tso˧~tso˧ lv˧~lv˧ to coil things 卷东西 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ lv˥ to coil something 卷一块（东西） lv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_plough. 耕种. verb. le˧-lv˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 耕种了 ʝi˧-lv˧˥ to plough 耕种 dʑi˧mi˧ lv˧˥ / dʑi˧mi˧ lv˧-ze˥ to plough with a water buffalo 用水牛耕田 ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-lv˧~lv˥-ɻ˩ to plough a little 耕一耕 lv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_suffice. 足够. verb. ə˩-lv˩˥? / ə˩-lv˩-ze˥? Is it enough? Is it sufficient? 够了吗？ lv˩ʝi˧ verb Tone: LM. From: Chinese 录音 . 录音::to_record. 录音（ 借词） . verb. hɑ˧ le˧-dzɯ˧-se˥, | lv˩ ʝi˧-bi˧ ! After the meal, we'll do a recording! 吃完饭，就录音吧！ / 吃完饭就可以录音了！ lv˩~lv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_move. 动. verb. lv˩~lv˧-ze˥ pfv 动了 tʰi˧-lv˩~lv˩(-ze˩) dur red dur red tʰi˧-lv˩~lv˩ | se˧ to walk askance, to walk askew: e.g. a lame person walks with difficulty 歪着走、扭着走、例如：残疾人走路有困难 kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ lv˥~lv˩ to move one's leg around 活动一下（自己的）腿 lv˩tɕʰɯ˧ noun Tone: LM. From: Chinese 六区 . 六区::Fengke. 六区（今奉科乡）（ 借词） . place name. lv˩tɕʰɯ˧-hĩ#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. From: Chinese 六区 . inhabitants_of_Fengke. 奉科的人. place name. lv˧˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: maggot. 蛆. animal. lv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_herd. 放牧. verb. go˩bo˥ lv˩ to graze cattle, to herd cattle 放牧牲畜 ʐwæ˧ lv˩ to graze horses, to herd horses 放马 ʝi˧ lv˩ to graze cows, to herd cows 放牛 bo˩ lv˩˥ to herd pigs 放猪 tsʰɯ˧ lv˥ to graze goats, to herd goats 放山羊 ɖɯ˧-hɤ˧ mɤ˧-lv˩~lv˩ lazy, who does not take care of anything 懒，什么也不管 lv˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_flee. 逃跑. verb. lwæ˩pʰv˩ noun Tone: L. ashes. 灰. natural environment. lwæ˩pʰv˩-ni˥gv˩ grey; literally: "like ashes" 灰色的（直译：“像白灰”） lwɤ˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: ʈʂwɤ˧ ashes. 灰. natural environment. lwɤ˩-pʰæ˧di˩ like ashes; gray-coloured 像灰烬，灰色