Index

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gæ˧ɻæ˩ gæ˩ɖæ˧ gæ˩pʰæ˧ -gɤ˧ gɤ˧ b gɤ˧bɤ˧ -gɤ˧bi#˥ gɤ˧lɑ˧ gɤ˧lɑ˧-pɤ#˥ gɤ˧lɑ˧-ʑi˩ gɤ˧qo˥ gɤ˩‑ gɤ˩ gɤ˩ a gɤ˩ a gɤ˩ a gɤ˩bv˧ gɤ˩dzɤ˧ gɤ˩-qo˧ gɤ˩qwɤ˧ gɤ˩ʁwɤ#˥ gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧ gɤ˩-tʰv˧-gi#˥ gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧ gɤ˩ʈʂæ˧˥ gɤ˩ʈʂʰæ˧-hĩ˧˥ gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧-gi#˥ gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ gɤ˧˥ gi˥ gi˥ gi˥ a gi˧dʑɯ˧ gi˧-nɑ˧mi#˥ gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-zo#˥ gi˧zɯ#˥ gi˧zɯ˧-go˧mi#˥ gi˩ gi˩ gi˩ a gi˩kɯ˩ go˧bɤ˩ go˧mi˧ go˩ a go˩bi˧ go˩bo˥ gɯ˩ a gɯ˩ a gɯ˩ɭɯ˧˥ gv˥ gv˥ gv˧ gv˧ gv˧ gv˧dv˧ gv˧dv˧-gv˧mi˧ gv˧kv˩ gv˧mɑ˧ gv˧mi˧ gv˧sɯ˥-pv˩ gv˧tɕʰɯ˧˥ gv˧tsʰi˩ gv˩ a gv˩ a gv˩ a gv˩dʑɯ˩ gv˩ɬi˩mi˩ gv˩pʰæ˩ gwɤ˩ a gwɤ˩~gwɤ˧˥ gwɤ˩ʝi˧

gæ˧ɻæ˩ noun Tone: L#. village_name. 嘎尔村. place name. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落 gæ˩ɖæ˧ noun Tone: LM. top_part_of_body. 上半身. space. gæ˩pʰæ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: tso˩ storeroom/larder. 储藏室. house. -gɤ˧ noun Tone: M. place. 地方. morphosyntax. njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧ (-gɤ˧) bi˧-zo˧-ho˩! I have to go somewhere! / I have to make a trip! / I'm off! 我要去一个别的地方！ / 我要换一个地方了！ / 我要走了！ ze˩ gɤ˧ which place 什么地方 ʈʂʰɯ˧-gɤ˧ this place 这个地方 tʰv˧-gɤ˧ that place 那个地方 moment. 时候. morphosyntax. ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧-qo˧-gɤ˧ tʰv˧ when the seventh month has come, when one is in the seventh month 七月到了的时候 ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧-qo˧-gɤ˧-dʑo˥ in the seventh month, during the seventh month 七月的时候 gɤ˧ b verb Tone: Mb. to_lack. 缺乏. verb. mɤ˧-gɤ˧ neg : not to lack 不缺乏 gɤ˧bɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ shadow. 影子. natural environment. gɤ˧bɤ˧ li˧ to watch television (coinage to avoid the loanword 'television') 看电视 -gɤ˧bi#˥ postposition Tone: #H. on_top_of. 上面. space. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-gɤ˧bi˧ on the (roof of) the house = on the roof 在房頂上 gɤ˧lɑ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ From: Tibetan lha. bodhisattva. 菩萨. religion. gɤ˧lɑ˧-pɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pɤ˥ image_of_Buddha. 佛像. religion. gɤ˧lɑ˧-ʑi˩ noun Tone: °L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ room_for_worship. 经堂. religion. gɤ˧lɑ˧-ʑi˩-di˩ same meaning 同上 gɤ˧qo˥ noun Tone: MH. classifier: ɭɯ˧ higher_part_of_main_room. 主屋的高处. house. gɤ˩‑ adverb Tone: L. upward. 向上. morphosyntax. See: gɤ˩ adjective Tone: L. quarrelsome. 爱吵架. adjective. kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥ "quarrelsome year": a year whose astrological sign is a quarrelsome animal. Astrological signs such as the Tiger and the Monkey are considered as quarrelsome; people born during one of these years are said to be tough and quarrelsome. 爱打架的年份/生肖：十二个生肖中，虎、猴……被认为是爱打架的。 kʰv˧ gɤ˧-hĩ˥ person whose astrological sign is a quarrelsome animal. Astrological signs such as the Tiger and the Monkey are considered as quarrelsome. 属一个爱打架的年份/生肖的人。十二个生肖中，虎、猴……被认为是爱打架的。 ʑi˩hṽ˥, | lɑ˧ : | kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥! The Monkey and the Ape are quarrelsome birth signs! 属猴和属虎的人很爱吵架！ ʑi˩˥, | lɑ˧, | kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥! Same meaning as above; the investigator substituted the colloquial term for 'ape, monkey'. 同上 gɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_go_out(fire). 灭. verb. mv˧ | le˧-gɤ˩(-ze˩) The fire has gone out. / The fire went out. 火灭了。 gɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. satisfied. 满意. verb. hɤ˩-zo˥, | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! (S)he has made a good job of it; (s)he is satisfied/happy! 很成功，真高兴！ / 他成功了，很满意！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! (S)he is very satisfied/happy! 他很满意！ no˩-se˥, | ɖwæ˧˥ | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩: | zo˧mv˥ hɤ˩-zo˩! You have grounds for satisfaction: your children are really bright! 你呢，（应该）很满意：（你的）孩子很成功！ mɤ˧-gɤ˩ to be dissatisfied, not resigned, recalcitrant 不满意、不甘心、不服气 gɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_be_afraid. 害怕. verb. le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 害怕了 no˧ | hĩ˧ gɤ˧-kʰɯ˥! You frighten people! / People are afraid of you! 你让人害怕！ gɤ˩bv˧ verb Tone: LM. to_overflow. 溢出来. verb. gɤ˩bv˧-ze˩ pfv 溢出来了 gɤ˩dzɤ˧ adverb Tone: LM. at_the_top_part. 在上部分. space. gɤ˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥ to sit at a place of honour, to sit at the superior part (of a table, a room...) 坐上座 no˧ | gɤ˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥! Please be seated at the place of honour! 请您坐在上座！ See: gɤ˩-qo˧ adverb Tone: M. way up there. 那上面. space. See: gɤ˩qwɤ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ altar_above_the_hearth. 火炉旁边的祭坛. house. gɤ˩ʁwɤ#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. village_name. 格瓦村. place name. gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧ noun Tone: LM. upper_reaches. 上游. natural environment. gɤ˩-tʰv˧-gi#˥ adverb Tone: L-#H. way_up_there. 那里（指高处）. morphosyntax. See: gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧ adverb Tone: L-#H. way_up_there. 那里（指高处）. morphosyntax. See: gɤ˩ʈʂæ˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. top_part(of_body). 上半（身）. body. gɤ˩ʈʂʰæ˧-hĩ˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. ancestors. 祖先. society. gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧-gi#˥ adverb Tone: L-#H. way_up_there. 那里（指高处）. morphosyntax. See: gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ adverb Tone: L-#H. way_up_there. 那里（指高处）. morphosyntax. See: gɤ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_carry_on_the_shoulder. 扛. verb. tʰi˧-gɤ˧˥ dur dur tʰi˧-gɤ˧-ze˥ dur _ pfv dur _ pfv le˧-gɤ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 扛了 tso˧~tso˧ gɤ˩ to carry something on the shoulder 扛东西 njɤ˧(-ɳɯ˧) | gɤ˧-bi˥! Let me carry it! 我来扛吧！ gi˥ verb Tone: H. to_fall(snow/rain). 下（雨/雪）. verb. bi˧ gi˧. / bi˧ gi˧-ze˩. It snows. / It has snowed. 下雪。 / 下雪了。 hi˩ gi˩˥. / hi˩ gi˩-ze˥. It rains. / It has rained. 下雨。 / 下雨了。 tsʰi˧-ɲi˧-dʑo˩, | hi˩ gi˩-ze˥, | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! Today, it is raining; that's good! / it's a good thing! (A comment made at the beginning of the rainy season, after a long drought.) 今天，下雨了，真好！（情景：大旱灾过后，雨季终于来了，这对庄稼很好。） gi˥ verb Tone: H. to_owe. 欠. verb. ɖʐe˧ | tʰi˧-gi˥ to owe money 欠钱 gi˥ a classifier Tone: Ha. clf .halves . 量词 .半 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-gi˥ one half 一半 tsʰe˩ʐv˩-gi˥ fourteen halves (combination elicited to determine the tonal category of the classifier) 十四个半（注：这是为了确定调类而问的短语） tv˧tsʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-gi˥ half the time, half the duration 一半的时间 clf .sides . 量词 .面 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-gi˧ hõ˧ to go in a certain direction, to go one's way 往一个方向走、走自己的方向 ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ɖɯ˧-gi˧ hɯ˧ to go each one's separate way; to go each in a different direction 分开：每个人去自己的方向 gi˧dʑɯ˧ noun Tone: M. Yangtze_river. 金沙江. place name. gi˧dʑɯ˧-kʰi#˥ the banks of the Yangtze river: Fengke, Labai... 金沙江边：奉科，拉伯…… gi˧dʑɯ˧-kʰi˧-hĩ#˥ inhabitants of the banks of the Yangtze: people of Labai, Fengke... 金沙江边的人：奉科人，拉伯人…… gi˧-nɑ˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰo˧˥ bear. 熊. animal. gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ n + dem + clf 这只熊 gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰo˧˥ male_bear. 公熊. animal. gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-pʰv˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ n + dem + clf 这只公熊 gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ little_bear. 小熊. animal. gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只小熊 gi˧zɯ#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ younger_brother. 弟弟. society. gi˧zɯ˧=ɻæ˥ associative : younger brothers, cousins... 联想复数：弟弟们，表弟们 gi˧zɯ˧-go˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. younger_siblings. 弟弟妹妹. society. gi˩ noun Tone: L. bear. 大熊. animal. gi˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ granary. 粮仓. house. gi˧mi˧ large granary 大粮仓 gi˩zo˩˥ small granary 小粮仓 njɤ˧ | gi˩ gv˩-zo˩-ho˥ I shall have to repair the granary! 我应该修粮仓！ gi˩ a adjective Tone: La. Etym: /gɯ˩a 2/; /ʝi˥/. 真的. adjective. mɤ˧-gi˩! (It) is not true! 不是的！ / 不是真的！ ə˩-gi˩˥? Right? / Is that true? / It is true, isn't it? 对吧？ / 对吗？ ə˩-gi˩˥ ? – gi˩˥! Is that right? - Yes, it is! (One speaker asks for confirmation; the other provides confirmation.) 对吧？ -对的！ gi˩-hĩ˩ ʐwɤ˥ to speak the truth, to tell the truth 说实话，老实说 gi˩˥ | -gɯ˩˥ truly, veritably 真的，真正的 gi˩kɯ˩ noun Tone: L. musk. 麝香. animal. go˧bɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ From: Tibetan dgonpa. monaster. 寺. religion. go˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ younger_sister. 妹妹. society. go˧mi˧=ɻæ˩ associative : younger sisters, younger cousins 联想复数：妹妹们，表妹们 go˩ a verb Tone: La. to_suffer. 痛. verb. njɤ˧ | go˩˥! I am suffering! / It hurts! 我痛！ njɤ˧ | go˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! I am suffering a lot! / It hurts a lot! 我好疼！ go˩-hĩ˩˥ nmlz : patient, sick person 病人，病的（人） hĩ˧ | go˩-hĩ˩˥ sick person, person who is ill, patient 病人 bi˧mi˧ go˩ to have stomach-ache 肚子疼 go˩bi˧ noun Tone: LM. Lijiang. 丽江城. place name. go˩bi˧-ɖʐɯ˧qo˩ the city of Lijiang 丽江城 go˩bo˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: pʰo˧˥ livestock. 牲畜. animal. gɯ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_believe. 相信. verb. ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ ʐwɤ˩-hĩ˩, | njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-gɯ˩! I do not believe what (s)he says! 他说的话，我不相信！ gɯ˩ a adjective Tone: La. true. 真. adjective. mɤ˧-gɯ˩ not true 不是真的 gɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ nmlz 真的 ə˩-gɯ˩˥? Is that true? 真的吗？ gɯ˩ wɤ˩-ɻ˥! It's really like that! / Yes, it is indeed true! 就是真的啊！ / 的确是这样啊！ gɯ˩-ʝi˥? Really? 原来是这样吗？ gɯ˩ ʂv˩ɖv˩˥ to believe in (something); literally: 'to think (that something is) true' 相信 gɯ˧ ʐwɤ˧ to say the truth 说实话 gɯ˩ɭɯ˧˥ verb Tone: LM+MH#. to_rub. 揉. verb. gɯ˩ɭɯ˧-ze˥ pfv 揉了 le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩+ze˩ accomp _ pfv 揉了 le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩~le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩ accomp red pfv 揉一揉 gv˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ manger. 马槽. object. ʐwæ˧gv#˥ horse's manger 马槽 gv˥ verb Tone: H. to_cross. 过（河）. verb. dʑɯ˩ gv˩˥ to cross a river 过河 gv˧ verb Tone: M' intrans. to_go_by. 过去. verb. le˧-gv˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 已经过去了 ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ gv˧ an hour goes by 一个小时过去了 tsʰe˩-ɲi˩ gv˩-ze˥! Ten days have gone by/ten days have elapsed 十天过去了 mɤ˧-gv˧-ze˧! It won't do! / It won't work! / It's no good! 不好了！ / 不行了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | gv˧, -tsɯ˩-mv˩! They say that's how it happened! 据说是这样发生的！ gv˧ adjective Tone: M. good(heart). 好（心好）. adjective. ɖwæ˧˥ | gv˧! intensive .very 很好！ mɤ˧-gv˧! neg 不好 gv˧ numeral Tone: M? H#? (pas L). 9. 9. number. gv˧dv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ʈv˩ back. 脊背. body. gv˧dv˧-gv˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ Etym: gv˧dv˧; gv˧mi˧. body. 身体. body. gv˧kv˩ noun Tone: L#. intonation. 语调. abstract. gv˧kv˩-gv˩li˩ | ʐwɤ˩˥ to speak with a pleasant style, to deliver one's speech with elegance 说话说得好听、有口才、口若悬河、能言善辩 gv˧mɑ˧ noun Tone: M. masculine_given_name. 男性名字. given name. hĩ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | gv˧mɑ˧ mv˧ʈʂæ˧˥! This person is called /gv˧mɑ˧/! 这个人，名叫|fv /gv˧mɑ˧/ ！ /gv˧mɑ˧/ ！ gv˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ body. 身体. body. gv˧sɯ˥-pv˩ noun Tone: H#-L. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ shoulderblade. 肩胛骨. body. gv˧tɕʰɯ˧˥ verb Tone: MH#. to_catch_a_cold. 着凉. verb. gv˧tsʰi˩ numeral Tone: L#. 90. 90. number. gv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_cook/to_prepare. 做（饭）. verb. hɑ˧ gv˥ to cook, to prepare a meal 做饭 le˧-gv˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 做（饭）了 njɤ˧ | hɑ˧ gv˥-bi˩! Let me do the cooking! / I'm doing the cooking! 我来做饭吧！ to_build. 建. verb. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ gv˩ to build a house 建房 to_repair/to_make. 修理/做出来. verb. le˧-gv˧~gv˥ red : to repair 重叠：修理 le˧-gv˩ | le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧! It's repaired! / It's done! / I have finished doing it! 修理好了！/ 修理出来了！ gv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_tidy_up. 收拾. verb. tʰi˧-gv˧~gv˥ dur dur ɖɯ˧-gv˧~gv˥-ɻ˩ to clear up a little 收拾一下 le˧-gv˧~gv˥ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ to tidy up and put (everything) into place 收拾，摆好 gv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_set(of_sun). 落下. verb. ɲi˧mi˧ gv˩-se˩ after the sun has set, after sunset 在太阳落山之后，在太阳落山了以后 ɲi˧mi˧ | le˧-gv˩-ze˩. The sun has set. 太阳落山了。 ɲi˧mi˧ | mɤ˧-gv˩-sɯ˩. The sun has not set yet. 太阳还没有落。 gv˩dʑɯ˩ adjective Tone: L. angry. 生气. adjective. gv˩ɬi˩mi˩ noun Tone: L. 9th_month. 九月. time. gv˩pʰæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ thin_plank. 细的木板. object. gwɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_sing. 唱. verb. njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐo˩ | gwɤ˩-ze˥! I have sung a song! 我唱了一首歌！ no˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐo˩ gwɤ˩! Please sing a song! / Go ahead and sing us a song! 你唱一首吧！ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ gwɤ˥ to sing a song 唱一下 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ gwɤ˥-ɻ˩ to sing a song 唱一下 nɑ˩-gwɤ˥ Na songs 摩梭民歌 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩-gwɤ˥ F | kv˧˥! | hæ˧-gwɤ˩ F | kv˧˥! | ʁo˧dzi˩-gwɤ˩ F | kv˧-ʝi˥! | He can sing (lots of different styles:) Na songs! and also Chinese (Han) songs! and also Tibetan songs! 他会唱很多种风格的歌曲：摩梭的，会唱！汉族的，会唱！藏族的，会唱！ gwɤ˩~gwɤ˧˥ verb Tone: L. to_stroll. 游. verb. le˧-gwɤ˩~gwɤ˩ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ze˩! So you are back from a stroll! / You are back from your little walk, eh? 你已经散步回来了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gwɤ˩~gwɤ˩-hɯ˩-ze˥! (S)he has gone out for a walk! 他散步去了！ æ˧ʂæ˧ gwɤ˩; | qv˧ɻ˧ gwɤ˥; | nɑ˩tsʰi˩ gwɤ˥ "to walk around Mount /æ˧ʂæ˧/; to walk around Mount /qv˧ɻ#˥/; to walk around Mount /nɑ˩tsʰi˩/": i.e. to do rituals on these mountains, in particular to obtain fertility, or to obtain a cure for a child who did not learn to speak. 绕 /æ˧ʂæ˧/山，绕fv:/qv˧ɻ#˥/山，绕fv:/nɑ˩tsʰi˩/山（做“绕山”仪式，为了求生子等） gwɤ˩ʝi˧ adverb Tone: LM. in_good_order. 整齐. morphosyntax. tso˧~tso˧ | gwɤ˩ʝi˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ | to put things in good order 把东西摆整齐