Index

d

dɑ˧ʝi˩ dɑ˧pɤ˧ dɑ˧pv#˥ dɑ˧pʰo˥ dɑ˧ʁwɤ#˥ dɑ˩ dɑ˩ b dɑ˩kʰɤ˩ dɑ˩to#˥ dɑ˩to˩ dɑ˧˥ dɑ˧˥ dɑ˧˥ dɑ˧˥ b dɤ˧-qo˧ dɤ˧-tʰv˧-gi#˥ dɤ˧-tʰv˧qo˧ dɤ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ di˧mi˧ di˧qo˧ di˧ɻæ˧ di˩ c di˩ a di˩-gɤ˩lɑ˥ di˩li˩ di˧˥ di˧˥ di˩˥ do˥ do˥ do˥ a do˧ do˧ do˧bæ˧ do˧bv˧ do˩ do˩ b do˩kv#˥ dv˥ dv˩ dv˩ dv˩ a dv˩ b dv˩bi˩ dv˩mi#˥ dv˩pʰæ˧ dv˩pʰv#˥ dv˩zo#˥ dv˩˧ dv˩˧ dzɑ˥ dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩ dze˥ dze˧bɤ˩ dze˧bo˧ dze˧dv˩ dze˧hi˧ dze˧kʰɤ˧˥ dze˧ɭɯ˧ dze˧ɭɯ˧-ɻ̃#˥ dze˧-ɻ̃#˥ dze˧-tɕʰi#˥ dze˧-ʈʂæ˥ dze˧ʈʂɯ˧ dze˧ʈʂʰɤ$˥ dze˩ dze˩ a dze˩ a dze˩ a dze˩dʑɯ˧˥ dze˩mi˧ dze˩mi˧-bæ˩bæ˩ dze˩mi˧-dze#˥ dze˩mi˧-kʰv˩ dze˩mi˧-pv˥ɻ˩ dze˩˧ dzɤ˥ b dzɤ˩ a dzi˥ dzi˧ b dzi˧dzi˧ dzi˧dzi˧-mo˧˥ dzi˧ɖæ˧ dzi˩ dzi˩ dzi˩ a dzi˩ a dzi˩ a dzi˩ b dzi˩ʁo˩ dzi˩tsʰɤ˩ dzi˧˥ dzo˥ dzo˧-lv˧~lv˥ dzo˧mi˧ dzo˧zo#˥ dzo˩ dzo˩~dzo˧˥ dzo˩mi#˥ dzo˩pʰv˩ dzo˩zo#˥ dzo˩˧ dzɯ˥ dzɯ˧tsɯ˧˥ dʑɤ˧bo˩ dʑɤ˧do˩ dʑɤ˩ b dʑɤ˩bv˥ dʑɤ˩bv˥-di˩ dʑɤ˩bv˥-ʁwɤ˩ dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩ dʑɤ˩ɕjɤ˩ dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ dʑɤ˩pi#˥ dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ dʑɤ˩so˧ dʑɤ˩tsʰi#˥ dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-tsi˩mv˩ dʑɤ˩tsʰo#˥ dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ dʑi˥ dʑi˥ dʑi˧hṽ˥$ dʑi˧mi#˥ dʑi˧zo#˥ dʑi˩wɤ˩ dʑo˧ b dʑo˩ b dʑɯ˧ dʑɯ˧dv˧ dʑɯ˧dze˧mi#˥ dʑɯ˧ki˥ dʑɯ˧-li˧ dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧ dʑɯ˧mi˧ dʑɯ˧njɤ˧ dʑɯ˧qʰɑ˧ dʑɯ˧qʰv˧ dʑɯ˧qʰv˩ dʑɯ˧ʁo˩ dʑɯ˧ʈʂʰwæ#˥ dʑɯ˩ dʑɯ˩ a dʑɯ˩-æ̃˩tsɯ˧ dʑɯ˩dze˩ dʑɯ˩gɤ˩di˩ dʑɯ˩gv˥ dʑɯ˩gv˩ dʑɯ˩hṽ˧˥ dʑɯ˩-hwæ˩tsɯ˥ dʑɯ˩kʰi˩ dʑɯ˩kʰv˩ dʑɯ˩nɑ˩hæ̃˩tʰɑ˩ dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩ dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˩ dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ dʑɯ˩pɤ˩qʰv˩ dʑɯ˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˥ dʑɯ˩pʰæ˩ dʑɯ˩qʰæ˩ dʑɯ˩qʰwɤ˩-lv˩ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-æ̃˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-bo˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-dze˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-hwɤ˩li˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-ɬi˩bi˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-zɯ˩ dʑɯ˩si˩ dʑɯ˩so˩ dʑɯ˩ʂo˥ dʑɯ˩tɤ˩ɻ˥ dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰɑ˥ dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰæ˥ dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ʈʰɯ˩di˩ dʑɯ˩ʈv˧ dʑɯ˩zo˩ dʑɯ˩ʐv˩ dʑɯ˧˥

dɑ˧ʝi˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: v˧ mule. 骡子. animal. dɑ˧ʝi˩-dʑo˩, | ɖɯ˩mi˧ dʑo˧-kv˥-mæ˩! | ɖɯ˩zo˧ dʑo˧-kv˥-mæ˩! As for mules, there exist female mules, (and) male mules! / Among mules, there is a distinction between females and males! (Explanation provided to a city dweller on a visit, who knew precious little about animal breeding.) 骡子呢，有母骡子！（也）有公骡子！ / 骡子，分母的和公的！（这个说明是给一个不懂畜牧业的城里人听） dɑ˧pɤ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: v˧ priest_of_local_religion. 宗教礼师. society. dɑ˧pɤ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧ hĩ˧ priest, person who performs the function of priest 当达巴的人 dɑ˧pv#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: v˧ host. 主人. society. ʑi˧dv˧ dɑ˧pv˧ the family host, the member of the family who has the role of host 家的主人 ʑi˧dv˧-ʝi˧-hĩ˧ dɑ˧pv˧ ditto 同上 dɑ˧pʰo˥ noun Tone: LH. Dapo_village. 达坡村. place name. ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in traditional order: by order of increasing distance from the Lake 永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 dɑ˧ʁwɤ#˥ noun Tone: #H. village_name. 一个村落. place name. dɑ˩ adjective Tone: L. happy. 安好. abstract. mɤ˧-dɑ˩-qʰwɤ˩ Melancholy song; song telling of one's unhappiness. This is one of the genres of singing, lamenting one's hardships. 悲情歌，讲述自己日子痛苦 mɤ˧-dɑ˩! Introductory formula for melancholy songs, and sometimes at the beginning of stories. (The same formula is also used in the Laze language.) 悲情歌的开头词 mɤ˧-dɑ˩-mi˩ As above: same meaning as the form without a fn:/-mi/ suffix. 同上 ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩-dɑ˥! | ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩˥! Good job! / Well done! (Context: compliment to a toddler who has climbed on a piece of furniture.) 很了不起啊！（情景：表扬一个小孩子成功地爬上了一个家具） ɖʐɯ˩dɑ˥-kʰɤ˩dɑ˩-ɻ˩ All is well. / All is for the best. (Used for instance to describe a period without food shortage, earthquake, epidemic, war or other catastrophe) 一切都安好。（如：来指一段时间没有饥荒、地震、流行病、战争等灾难） dɑ˩ b verb Tone: Lb. to_weave. 织. verb. ɣɯ˧ dɑ˩ to weave fabric 织布 ɣɯ˧ | le˧-dɑ˩ to weave fabric 织布 tso˧~tso˧ dɑ˩ to weave things 织东西 ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧~dɑ˩-ɻ˩ delimitative _ red inceptive 织一下 dɑ˩kʰɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ drum. 鼓. music. dɑ˩kʰɤ˩ lɑ˥(-ze˩) to play a drum 打鼓 dɑ˩to#˥ adverb Tone: LM+#H. politely. 客气地. abstract. dɑ˩to˧ ʐwɤ˧˥ to say some polite things 说客气话 dɑ˩to˧ ʐwɤ˧-hĩ˥-lɑ˩ ɲi˩! It's just polite words! (Comment about an invitation by a neighbour, which was intended to be declined: it was not a true invitation.) 这只是客气话而已！ dɑ˩to˩ adverb Tone: L. at_bottom. 归根结底. morphosyntax. dɑ˧˥ noun Tone: MH. misfortune. 苦、不幸、悲戚. abstract. dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ to complain, to tell one's misfortunes 诉苦 ɻ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥ to bemoan one's misfortunes 讲自己的不幸 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɑ˧dɑ˩-qʰwɤ˩, | ɻ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥! (S)he is unhappy; (s)he is constantly complaining! 他不幸福，他一直在诉苦！ dɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_build. 建. verb. ʑi˧mi˧ dɑ˧˥ to build a house 建房 dɑ˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_fell/to_cut. 砍/宰. verb. le˧-dɑ˧-ze˥ accomp _ pfv 砍了(树)，割了（肉） ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧ tʰi˥-dɑ˩ to hit a blow 砍一下 dɑ˩~dɑ˧˥ red 重叠 le˧-dɑ˩~dɑ˩(-ze˩) (I) have cut (e.g. a chicken) into pieces （我把一只鸡）割成块了 ʂe˧ dɑ˥~dɑ˩ to cut meat to pieces, to mince meat 把肉剁碎 dɑ˧˥ b classifier Tone: MHb. clf .blows . 量词 .下（打一下） . classifier. ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧˥ a blow 当头一棒 ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧ tʰi˥-dɑ˩ to strike a blow, to give a blow 打一下 dɤ˧-qo˧ adverb Tone: M. way over there. 那里（远指）. space. dɤ˧-tʰv˧-gi#˥ adverb Tone: #H. way_over_there. 那边（远指）. space. dɤ˧-tʰv˧qo˧ adverb Tone: M. way_over_there. 那边（远指）. space. See: dɤ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ dɤ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ adverb Tone: M. way_over_there. 那边（远指）. space. See: dɤ˧-tʰv˧qo˧ di˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: di˩ large_plain. 平坝. natural environment. ɬi˧di˩-di˩mi˩ the plain of Yongning 永宁坝 di˧qo˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: di˩ plain. 平坝. natural environment. di˧ɻæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: di˩ plain. 平坝. natural environment. di˩ c classifier Tone: Lc. clf .plains/places . 量词 .坝子/地方 . classifier. ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ɖɯ˧-di˩ hɯ˩ to separate, each going their separate ways 分开，每个人去不同的地方 di˩ a verb Tone: La. exist .spatial . 存在动词 .有 . verb. ʈʰɯ˧ ɑ˩ʁo˧ mɤ˧-di˩-hĩ˩. (S)he does not have a home. / (S)he is homeless. 他没有家。 mɤ˧ tʰi˧-di˩ there is grease (eg there is grease around the mouth of someone who has been biting away at large slabs of meat) 有油（例如：一个人的嘴巴周围油乎乎，有油） ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ di˥ there is something 有一块东西 di˩-gɤ˩lɑ˥ noun Tone: L+H#. classifier: v˧ earth_spirit. 地菩萨. religion. di˩li˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: qɑ˩ bracken. 海菜花. plant. di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ (ton: L+H#) dandy shoots 海菜花的萌芽 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ hwæ˩ to buy dandy shoots 买海菜花萌芽 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ tɕʰi˩ to sell dandy shoots 卖海菜花萌芽 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ dzɯ˩ to eat dandy shoots 吃海菜花萌芽 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ dze˩ to cut dandy shoots 割海菜花萌芽 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ tɕɤ˩ to boil dandy shoots 煮海菜花萌芽 di˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_drive_out/away. 赶. verb. tɕʰɯ˩di˩˥ to hunt the muntjac; to hunt 赶麂子，狩猎 tɕʰɯ˩di˩-bi˩-ni˩gv˩˥ to have a habit of hunting, to have a fondness for hunting 有打猎的习惯、喜欢打猎 di˩~di˧˥ / di˩~di˧-ze˥ red : to hunt, to track 重叠：跟着、追着 tʰi˧-di˩~di˩ dur red dur red di˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_run/to_flow. 拉（肚子）. verb. bi˧mi˧ di˧˥ to have diarrhea 拉肚子 di˩˥ noun Tone: LH. classifier: di˩ earth. 地. natural environment. di˩ dv˩-ze˥ to dig the earth 挖土 di˩ hwæ˧-ze˩ bought some earth 买了土 ɖɯ˧-di˩ ɖɯ˩-bæ˩! Each place is different! (In particular, each place has its own pronunciation: its own dialect of the Na language) 一个地方，一个样！ = 每个地方有自己的特色（如：每个村落有自己的摩梭方言/土语） do˥ verb Tone: H. to_climb. 爬. verb. ʈʂo˩bo˩ do˩˥ to climb a wall 爬墙 gɤ˩-do˧ to escalate, to climb up 爬上 ʁwɤ˩ do˩˥ to climb a mountain, to go hiking in the mountains 爬山 to˩ do˩˥ to ascend a slope, to climb a slope 爬上一个山坡 do˥ verb Tone: H. to_mate_with. 交配. verb. bo˩ɬɑ˥ | bo˩mi˧ do˧ The pig mates with the sow. 公猪与母猪交配。 do˥ a classifier Tone: Ha. clf .partitions/walls . 量词：墙壁. classifier. ʈʂʰɯ˧-do#˥ this partition/wall 这堵（墙壁） do˧ adjective Tone: M. stupid. 愚蠢. adjective. zo˩ do˩˥ idiot, village idiot 傻瓜 do˧ adjective Tone: M. sterile. 不能生育. adjective. do˧bæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ʈv˩ thigh. 大腿. body. do˧bæ˧ | ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ thigh 大腿 do˧bæ˧ | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ calf 小腿 do˧bv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ buttocks. 屁股. body. do˩ adjective Tone: L. immature. 不成熟. adjective. ŋwɤ˩ɬi˩-mi˩˥, | ʂe˧ mɤ˧-mv˥, | ʂe˧ do˧˥! | tsʰe˩ŋwɤ˩ kʰv˥, | zo˧ mɤ˧-ti˩, | zo˧ do˧˥! In the fifth month, if cereals are still green (=if they do not yet yield grain), the crop is immature (and may not yield any harvest). At age 15, if a boy does not become an adult (=if a boy does not visit girls), he is immature (he is not developing normally)! 五月份，谷物还是小草（还不出谷粒），算是晚熟！男人十五岁还不成熟（=还不见姑娘），算是晚熟！ do˩ b verb Tone: Lb. to_see. 见. verb. ɖɯ˧-do˥~do˩-ɻ˩ delimitative _ red inceptive 见一见 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ do˧˥ to see a piece 看见一块（东西） tso˧~tso˧ do˧˥ to see things, to see something 看见东西 do˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ _ neg desiderative 不许（看）见 bo˩mi˧ do˩ (+ze˩) ...has seen (a/the) sow 看见了母猪 do˩kv#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_beams. 小梁子. house. dv˥ verb Tone: H. to_dig. 挖. verb. ʈʂe˧ dv˧(-ze˩) to dig the earth 挖土 dv˩ classifier Tone: L *. clf .flocks . 量词 .群 . classifier. dv˩ pronoun Tone: L?. dem .dist.direction . 指示代词：那边（远指）. morphosyntax. dv˩-tɕo˧ that way 那个方向 dv˩ a verb Tone: La. to_poison. 毒害. verb. ʈʂʰɯ˧, | hĩ˧ dv˥-mɤ˩-kv˩! | ʈʂʰɯ˧, | hĩ˧ dv˥-kv˩! This one is not poisonous / is edible (literally "this one does not poison people")! That one [on the other hand] is poisonous / is not edible! (About different sorts of mushrooms.) 这个，不会让人中毒！那个（反倒）会让人中毒！（情景：谈不同菌子种类。） ʈʂʰɯ˧, | dv˩-mɤ˩-kv˥! This one is not poisonous / is edible (literally "this one does not poison people")! (About a mushroom species.) 这个，不会让人中毒！（情景：谈不同菌子种类。） to_hate. 讨厌. verb. le˧-dv˩-ze˩ njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ dv˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! I hate him/her! 我很讨厌他！ dv˩-zo˧-mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥ to hate deeply 讨厌得不行 See: dv˩˧2 dv˩ b classifier Tone: Lb. clf .groups . 量词 .一些 . classifier. hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-dv˩ a few people, a group of people 一些人 hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-dv˥ these people, this group of people 这些人 dv˩bi˩ adverb Tone: L. opposite. 对面. space. dv˩mi#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: mi˩ female_weasel. 母黄鼠狼. animal. dv˩mi˧-dv˥pʰv˩ female weasel and male weasel 母黄鼠狼与公黄鼠狼 dv˩pʰæ˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ granary. 仓廪. house. dv˩pʰv#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H / LM. classifier: mi˩ male_weasel. 公黄鼠狼. animal. dv˩zo#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H / LM. baby_weasel. 黄鼠狼的崽子. animal. dv˩˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ weasel. 黄鼠狼. animal. dv˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...bought (a) weasel 买了黄鼠狼 dv˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ ...ate a weasel 吃了黄鼠狼 dv˩˧ noun Tone: LM. : ʈʰɤ˥ poison. 毒. object. See: dv˩a dzɑ˥ adjective Tone: H. adjective. bad. 坏. ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-ki˧ | dzɑ˧-ʝi˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! He really despises me! 他很瞧不起我！ hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ dʑo˩, | õ˧-ki˥ | dzɑ˧-ʝi˧-ze˩! This person has no self-respect! (literally: This person is doing herself harm) 这个人，不尊重自己！ mv˧ dzɑ˧. The weather is bad. 天气很坏。 mv˧ dzɑ˧-ze˩ The weather is getting bad. 天气变坏了。 lo˧ dzɑ˧ poor (work), bad (job: e.g. someone has done a bad job) （工作）差 poor. 穷. dzɑ˧ | -ʐwæ˩-ze˥! (He/she) is really poor! 他很穷！ dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ adjective Tone: #H. destitute. 穷苦. adjective. ɑ˩ʁo˧ | bo˩ʈʂʰæ˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ˧-kv˩! If there is no fleshless preserved pork at home, it appears as if the family is really destitute! 如果家里没有猪膘，会显得很穷！ dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! It's really a shame / it's really something to be ashamed of! (Talking about a socially stigmatized situation, such as not having the required food items or pieces of clothing for important ceremonies.) 真羞耻啊！ dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: dzi˧ shoe. 鞋. clothing. dze˥ noun Tone: #H. sugar. 糖. food. dze˧bɤ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: mi˩ bat. 蝙蝠/飞鼠. animal. dze˧bɤ˩-zo˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ a baby bat 一只小蝙蝠 dze˧bɤ˩-pʰv˩ | ɖɯ˧-mi˩ a male bat 一只公蝙蝠 dze˧bɤ˩-mi˩ | ɖɯ˧-mi˩ a female bat 一只母蝙蝠 dze˧bo˧ noun Tone: M. family_name. 一个姓. given name. dze˧bo˧=ɻ˩ the /dze˧bo˧/ clan, the /dze˧bo˧/ family 者波家族 village_name. 者波村. ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in traditional order: by order of increasing distance from the Lake 永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 dze˧dv˩ noun Tone: L#. cake/bread. 饼. food. dze˧dv˩-pɤ˩jɤ˩ cake of cereals 粮食饼 dze˧hi˧ noun Tone: M. in_laws. 丈人. society. njɤ˧ | dze˧hi˧-ki˩ bi˩! I'm going to my in-laws' place! / I'm going to visit my in-laws! 我去我丈人（那边）！ no˧ | dze˧hi˧ | ə˩-to˩-ze˥? - le˧-to˩-ze˩! Do you have in-laws? / Do you stand in an 'in-law' relationship? (=Are you married?) - Yes, I have entered into such a relationship! (=Yes, I am married!) 你有丈人吗？（=你结婚了吗？）-有的！（=结婚了！） no˧ | dze˧hi˧ to˩ ə˩-bi˩? Do you have plans to get married? (Literally: Are you going to enter an 'in-law' relationship?) 你打算结婚吗？ dze˧kʰɤ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: v˧ commoner. 百姓. society. dze˧ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: M. wheat. 小麦. plant. dze˧ɭɯ˧-ɻ̃#˥ noun Tone: #H. wheat_straw. 麦杆. plant. dze˧-ɻ̃#˥ noun Tone: #H. wheat_straw. 小麦秆. plant. dze˧-tɕʰi#˥ noun Tone: #H. wheat_beard. 麦芒. plant. dze˧-ʈʂæ˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ sting_organ. 蜜蜂的螫針. animal. dze˧ʈʂɯ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: nɑ˧ sieve. 筛子. object. dze˧ʈʂʰɤ$˥ noun Tone: H$. cereals. 粮食. agriculture. dze˩ verb Tone: L. to_be_left_over. 剩下. morphosyntax. dzɯ˧-dze˥-ze˩! There are some leftovers! / The food has not been eaten up! 剩了一些饭！/ 剩了一些吃的！ gɤ˩-dze˥ +ze˩! There are some leftovers! 有剩下的！ ʈʰɯ˩ dze˩-ze˥ Some of the drink is left over! / (The drink) has not been drunk up! 喝剩了、没喝完 le˧-se˩-ze˩! | gɤ˩-mɤ˧-dze˩! It's completely finished (=eaten up / drunk up)! There are no leftovers! 完了！（=全部吃/喝完了！）没有剩！ dze˩ a classifier Tone: La. clf .packs_of_two . 量词 .瓶子/锅 . classifier. zo˧mv˥ | ɖɯ˧-dze˩ twins (literally: 'a pair of children') (F5) 双胞胎（直译：“一对孩子”） ʈʂʰɯ˧-dze˥ dem _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ dze˩ a verb Tone: La. to_fly. 飞. verb. le˧-dze˩-hɯ˩-ze˩ (The bird) has flown away. （鸟）飞走了。 mv˧ʁo˧ dze˧˥ to fly in the sky 在天空中飞 dze˩ a verb Tone: La. to_cut. 切. verb. le˧-dze˩ accomp accomp dze˧~dze˥ red red le˧-dze˧~dze˥ accomp _ red accomp _ red v˩tsʰɤ˧ dze˧~dze˥ to cut vegetables 切菜 nv˩dʑɯ˥ dze˩~dze˩ to cut tofu 切豆腐 dze˩dʑɯ˧˥ adjective Tone: LM+MH#. arrogant. 骄傲. adjective. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | hĩ˧-bi˥ | mɤ˧-li˧! | dze˩dʑɯ˧˥ | ʐwæ˧˥! He despises others! He is very arrogant! 他看不起别人！他很骄傲！ dze˩mi˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ bee. 蜜蜂. animal. dze˩mi˧-bæ˩bæ˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: bæ˩ Artemisia_suboligata. 茶绒蒿. plant. dze˩mi˧-dze#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ Etym: dze˩mi˧; dze˥. honey. 蜂蜜. animal. dze˩mi˧dze˧ dzɯ˧ to eat honey 吃蜂蜜 dze˩mi˧-kʰv˩ noun Tone: LM-L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ beehive. 蜂窝. animal. dze˩mi˧-pv˥ɻ˩ noun Tone: LM+#H. straight_ladybell. 沙参. plant. dze˩mi˧-pv˥ɻ˩-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ root of straight ladybell 沙参根 dze˩˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mɤ˩ classifier: un peu wild_pepper. 花椒. plant. dzɤ˥ b classifier Tone: Hb. clf .sides . 量词 .面 . classifier. ʈʂʰɯ˧-dzɤ˧ this side 这面 ɖɯ˧-dzɤ˥ one side 一面 dzɤ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_collapse. 塌毁. verb. mv˩tɕo˧ dzɤ˩ same meaning: to collapse 同上：塌毁 le˧-dzɤ˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 塌毁了 dzi˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ (*nɑ˧) chisel. 凿子. object. dzi˧ b classifier Tone: Mb. clf .pairs_as_units . 量词 .鞋 . classifier. ɣɯ˩-dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˧ a pair of leather shoes 一双皮鞋 dzi˧dzi˧ noun Tone: M. oriental_white_oak. 青冈树. plant. dzi˧dzi˧, | si˧dzi˩-mv˩! /dzi˧dzi˧/ is the name of a tree! /dzi˧dzi˧/是一种树的名字！ Syn: dzi˧dzi˧-mo˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. edible_mushroom_sp. 一种可以吃的菌子. plant. dzi˧ɖæ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ location. 位置. house. dzi˩ verb Tone: L. to_come(of_night). 来（晚上来了）. time. nɑ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˩-ze˩! The night has fallen! / It has got dark! 天黑了！ nɑ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˩ | le˧-se˩-ze˩! It has got completely dark! 天完全黑了！ dzi˩ classifier Tone: Lc. clf .costumes . 量词 .套 . classifier. dʑi˧hṽ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ a full set of dress, a complete dress 一套衣服 dʑi˧hṽ˧ ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ a full set of dress, a complete dress (same as preceding example, integrated into a single tone group) 一套衣服（同上，但将短语合在一起，构成一个单一的声调短语） dzi˩ a verb Tone: La. to_sit. 坐. verb. tʰi˧-dzi˩! Sit down! 坐下！ hĩ˧bæ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ dzi˩. The guest sits here. 客人是坐在这边的。 (ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ) tʰi˧-dzi˩-kʰɯ˩-se˩. (S)he has got seated. 他坐下了。 le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ to remain seated; used as a euphemism to mean: to sit with others at a funeral wake, to keep a deathwatch 坐一坐。来指：居丧、守灵（委婉语） to_dwell. 住. verb. dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩gv˩ to be accustomed to; to get accustomed to, to feel at ease, to adapt (to an environment) 习惯（一个新的环境、一个地方的饮食……） dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩-mɤ˩-gv˩˥ not to get accustomed; to feel awkward 不习惯 njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ | dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩-mɤ˩-gv˩˥ I can't get accustomed (to this place)! / (I) can't make myself at ease here! / (I) don't like it here! 我不习惯这里！ / 我不喜欢这里！ / 我不想待了！ dzi˩ a verb Tone: La. to_gather. 聚集. verb. ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ | le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ the whole village gathered together 全村都聚集在一起 hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ | le˧-ʂɯ˧-ze˧! le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ jo˩! Someone has passed away! Come and join the gathering! 一个人去世了！来参加丧礼吧！ dzi˩ a verb Tone: La. to_sink. 掉入. verb. mv˩tɕo˧ dzi˩ to sink down 往下掉入、沉下去 dzi˩ b classifier Tone: Lb. clf .trees . 量词 .树 . classifier. si˧dzi˩ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ a tree 一棵树 tʰv˧-dzi˧˥ that tree 那棵树 dzi˩ʁo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kʰwɤ˥ seat. 座位. house. dzi˩tsʰɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: dzi˩ shrub_sp. 一种灌木. plant. dzi˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_tremble. 颤抖. verb. njɤ˩ dzi˧˥ the eyelid trembles (literally 'the eye trembles') 眼皮跳 njɤ˩ dzi˧-ze˥ the eyelid trembles 眼皮跳 njɤ˩ dzi˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥ the eyelid trembles terribly 眼皮跳得很厉害 njɤ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˧-ze˥ the eyelid trembles 眼皮跳 njɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-dzi˧˥ the eyelid does not tremble 眼皮不跳 dzo˥ noun Tone: #H. hail. 冰雹. natural environment. dzo˧ lɑ˩ there is some hail 下冰雹 dzo˧ gi˧-ze˩ there is some hail 下冰雹了 dzo˧-lv˧~lv˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ hailstone. 冰雹. natural environment. dzo˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ large_vat. 大桶. object. dzo˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ small_vat. 小桶. object. dzo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: pɤ˩ classifier: nɑ˧ bridge. 桥. object. dzo˧ | ɖɯ˧ pɤ˩ a bridge 一辆桥 dzo˩ bæ˩˥ to sweep (a/the) bridge 扫桥 njɤ˧ | dzo˩ bæ˩-zo˩-ho˥. I have to sweep the bridge. 我要扫桥了。 dzo˩ gv˩˥ to build (/repair) a bridge 建一辆桥 njɤ˧ | dzo˩ gv˩-zo˩-ho˥. I have to build (/repair) a bridge. dzo˩~dzo˧˥ verb Tone: MH. to_laugh_at. 嘲笑. verb. hĩ˧ dzo˧-dzo˥-ho˩-ni˩zo˩! It looks like (he/she) is going to poke fun (at...) 他好像要开始取笑人家了！ tʰɑ˧ dzo˩~dzo˩! Don't laugh at people! 别嘲笑（人家）！ dzo˩mi#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: mi˩ female_lizard. 母壁虎. animal. dzo˧mi˧-dzo˩pʰv˩ female lizard and male lizard 母壁虎与公壁虎 dzo˩pʰv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: mi˩ classifier: ɭɯ˧ male_lizard. 公壁虎. animal. dzo˩pʰv˩-dzo˩mi˥ male lizard and female lizard 公壁虎与母壁虎 dzo˩zo#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. classifier: mi˩ classifier: ɭɯ˧ baby_lizard. 小壁虎. animal. dzo˩˧ noun Tone: LM. classifier: mi˩ lizard. 壁虎. animal. dzo˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...bought (a) lizard 买了壁虎 dzo˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ ...ate (a) lizard 吃了壁虎 dzɯ˥ verb Tone: H. to_eat. 吃. verb. le˧-dzɯ˥ accomp 实施 hɑ˧ dzɯ˧ to have a meal; to take some food 吃饭 njɤ˧ | hɑ˧ le˧-dzɯ˥-ze˩ I have eaten. / I have had a meal. 我吃过饭了。 dzɯ˧-di˧˥ food, thing to eat 吃的（东西） dzɯ˧-bi˩-ze˩! Let's eat! / It's time to eat! 要吃饭了！ dzɯ˧tsɯ˧˥ noun Tone: MH#. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ shrub_sp. 一种灌木. plant. dʑɤ˧bo˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ granary. 粮仓. house. dʑɤ˧do˩ noun Tone: L#. Zhongdian. 中甸. place name. dʑɤ˧do˩-bɤ˩ the Pumi people of Zhongdian 中甸普米族 dʑɤ˩ b adjective Tone: Lb. good(decision). 好. adjective. mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩ bad 坏 dʑɤ˩-hĩ˥ rel rel (no˧) ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑɤ˩˥! You're great! 你很好！ dʑɤ˩-kʰɯ˥! A benediction used on the New Year: "Let there be good (things)!", i.e. "Prosperity!", "All the best for the New Year!" 新年祝福：“祝一切好！ / 万事如意！” dʑɤ˩bv˥ verb Tone: LH. to_play. 玩. verb. dʑɤ˩bv˥ -bi˩/-ze˩ _ fut .imm/ pfv 要玩耍 / 玩耍了 le˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩ +ze˩ accomp _ pfv 玩耍了 tʰi˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩, | tʰi˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩, | le˧-fv˧! They play, they play... they're happy! / (By) playing on and on, they get really happy! (About children playing together) 他们玩着玩着，很高兴！（情景：几个小孩子一起玩） dʑɤ˩bv˥-di˩ noun Tone: LH-. toy. 玩具. object. dʑɤ˩bv˥-ʁwɤ˩ noun Tone: LH-. Jiabowa. 甲波瓦村. place name. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩ noun Tone: LM+MH#-. village_name. 高明村. place name. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落之一 dʑɤ˩ɕjɤ˩ noun Tone: L. insole. 鞋垫. clothing. dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ noun Tone: LM. distance. 距离. space. no˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˩-ʐæ˥ʂæ˩? | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ ə˩-di˩? | - dʑɤ˩˥ | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ mɤ˧-di˥! | mɤ˧-ʐæ˩ʂæ˩! Are you distant from him? Is there distance (between you)? - There is not much distance to speak of! We are not distant! (=we are close friends) 你们很熟吗？/ 你们很亲吗？ - 不很熟！/ 不很亲！ dʑɤ˩pi#˥ adjective Tone: LM+#H. plenty_of. 多. adjective. dʑɤ˩pi˧ ʝi˧ It's very useful! 很有用、有很多用处 dʑɤ˩pi˧ dʑo˧! (I) have plenty! / (I) have a lot! (possession) 我有很多！ dʑɤ˩pi˧ dʑo˧˥ There is plenty / there is a lot. (Note: existence, and not possession) 有很多。 dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ adverb Tone: LH. with_full_might. 一个劲地. morphosyntax. dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ ʈɤ˩ to pull with full might 一个劲地拉 dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ mi˩ to push with full might 一个劲地推 dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ lɑ˩ to beat with full might 一个劲地打 dʑɤ˩so˧ adjective Tone: LM. many. 好几（个）. morphosyntax. dʑɤ˩-so˧ ɲi˧ many days; a long time 好几天 dʑɤ˩tsʰi#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. masculine_given_name. 男性名字. given name. dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ noun Tone: LM-L. feminine_given_name. 女性名字. given name. dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-tsi˩mv˩ noun Tone: LM-L. classifier: dzi˩ prayer_flag. 经幡. religion. dʑɤ˩tsʰo#˥ noun Tone: LM+#H. housewarming_party. 乔迁庆宴. society. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʂɯ˧-qo˧ | dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ ʁɑ˧ ʂe˩ to throw a housewarming party in a newly built house 在新房子举办乔迁宴会 dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ verb Tone: LM. to_dance. 跳舞. verb. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! (S)he does not dance well! 他舞跳得不好！ dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ | ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧ tsʰo˧ to dance all evening, to dance a whole night 跳一整夜舞 dʑi˥ noun Tone: #H. urine. 尿. body. dʑi˧ bæ˥ to sweep urine 扫尿 dʑi˧-lɑ˩ | qʰæ˧ excrements: urine and faeces 大小便的统称 dʑi˥ noun Tone: H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ clothes. 衣服. clothing. kʰv˧ʂɯ˥, | dʑi˧ qæ˧! On New Year's Eve, one changes one's clothing / one wears new clothes! 过年，换衣服！ / 过年，要穿新衣服！ dʑi˧ qæ˧-ze˩! (He/she) has changed clothes! 换衣服了！ nɑ˩-dʑi#˥ Na clothing 摩梭服装 hæ˧-dʑi#˥ Chinese (Han) clothing 汉族服装 dʑi˧hṽ˥$ noun Tone: H$. classifier: ɭɯ˧ clothes. 衣服. clothing. dʑi˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: pʰo˧˥ female_water_buffalo. 母水牛. animal. dʑi˧mi˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ n + dem + clf 这头母水牛 dʑi˧mi˧-dʑi˧zo#˥ / dʑi˧mi˧-dʑi˥zo˩ female water buffalo and male water buffalo 母水牛与公水牛 dʑi˧zo#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: ɭɯ˧ male_baby_buffalo. 小水牛. animal. dʑi˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ n + dem + clf 这只水牛崽子 dʑi˩wɤ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: dze˩ stirrup. 马镫. object. dʑo˧ b verb Tone: Mb. exist .to_have/to_be_there . 有/拥有. verb. mɤ˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! There isn't any left! 没有了！ le˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! There is some, now! 有了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ | ɖɯ˧-sɑ˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧! At his home, they have nothing at all = he is needy 他家什么也没有 = 他家贫穷 njɤ˧ | mv˩zɯ˩-ni˥mi˩ | ŋi˧-kv˧ dʑo˧˥! I have two siblings! 我有两个兄弟姐妹！ dʑo˧-tʰɑ˧˥! There could be some! / It's possible that there will be some! 会有的！ tso˧~tso˧ dʑo˧ he has some things 他有东西 njɤ˧-ɻ˩, | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧-lɑ˧ dʑo˥! We only have one (child)! 我们只有一个（孩子）！ ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑo˧-ɲi˥! There are lots! (For instance, when preparing to build a house, one needs large quantities of lumber; someone may comment: "There are lots!") 有很多！（如：准备建房，积累的木材有很多） dʑo˩ b verb Tone: Lb. exist .animated_beings . 存在动词 .有/在 . verb. mɤ˧-dʑo˩ neg 没有、不在 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˩! (S)he is not at home! 他不在家！ dʑɯ˧ noun Tone: M. moment/time(of_event). 时间. time. ʈʂʰwɤ˩ dzɯ˩-bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ dinner-time 吃晚餐的时间 ɑ˩pʰo˩ bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ time to go out; the right time to go outside 出去的（合适）时间 le˧-ʑi˧-bi˧-dʑɯ˧ tʰv˧-ze˩! It is time to go to sleep! 睡觉的时间到了！ ʐo˩ dzɯ˩-bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ lunch-time 午饭的时间 dʑɯ˧dv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰɯ˩ earthworm. 蚯蚓. animal. dʑɯ˧dv˧-mi˩, | ə˩-dʑo˩˥? Do female earthworms exist? (An artificially designed question, so as to elicit a form of 'earthworm' with the 'female' suffix, with a view to understanding the synchronically productive tone assignment rules for the gender suffixes.) 有母蚯蚓吗？ dʑɯ˧dv˧-pʰv˩, | ə˩-dʑo˩˥? Do male earthworms exist? (An artificially designed question, so as to elicit a form of 'earthworm' with the 'male' suffix, with a view to understanding the synchronically productive tone assignment rules for the gender suffixes.) 有公蚯蚓吗？ dʑɯ˧dze˧mi#˥ noun Tone: #H. classifier: mi˩ cicada. 蝉. animal. dʑɯ˧dze˧-mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / dʑɯ˧dze˧-mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# n + dem + clf 这只蝉 dʑɯ˧ki˥ noun Tone: H#. classifier: kʰɯ˩ waistband. 布带子. clothing. dʑɯ˧-li˧ verb Tone: M. to_irrigate. 灌溉. verb. dʑɯ˧-li˧-ze˧ pfv 灌溉了 dʑɯ˧-mɤ˧-li˧-hĩ˧ lv˧ dry farmland, dry field: a field that is not irrigated 旱田：不灌溉的田 dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧ noun Tone: M. millet. 小米. plant. dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧-ho#˥ millet gruel 小米粥 See: dʑɯ˧mi˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: kʰɯ˩ large_river. 大河. natural environment. dʑɯ˧njɤ˧ noun Tone: M. millet. 小米. plant. dʑɯ˧njɤ˧, | ʐɯ˧ tɕɤ˧˥! Millet is used to make wine! 小米，用来酿酒！ dʑɯ˧njɤ˧-hɑ#˥ cooked millet 小米饭 See: dʑɯ˧qʰɑ˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: qɑ˩ gentian. 秦艽. plant. dʑɯ˧qʰɑ˧-bæ˩bæ˩ gentian flowers 秦艽花 dʑɯ˧qʰv˧ noun Tone: M. classifier: ɭɯ˧ well. 井. natural environment. ɑ˩ʁo˥ | dʑɯ˧qʰv˧ tʰi˧-di˩. There is a well at home / in the farm. 家里有水井。 dʑɯ˧qʰv˩ noun Tone: L#. classifier: ɭɯ˧ wild_plant_sp. 植物名. plant. dʑɯ˧qʰv˩-lv˩lv˩ the grains of this plant 这种植物的种子 dʑɯ˧ʁo˩ noun Tone: L#. peach. 桃子. plant. dʑɯ˧ʈʂʰwæ#˥ noun Tone: #H. husked_millet. 已碾的小米. plant. See: dʑɯ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kʰɯ˩ water. 水. natural environment. dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧ to drink water 喝水 ʈʂʰɯ˧ dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧-dʑo˧! (S)he is drinking water 他在喝水 dʑɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʰɤ˧ ʈʰɯ˧˥ to drink a little water (literally 'a drop of water') 喝一点水（直译：‘一滴水’） dʑɯ˩ kʰɯ˩˥ to put water 放水 dʑɯ˩ mæ˩˥ to irrigate, to water 浇灌、灌溉 dʑɯ˩ qæ˩, hɑ˩ qæ˩˥ | a description of the traveller's changes in environment: 'to change water, to change food'. This requires using strategies to avoid ailments: in particular, it was customary to boil in water a little earth of the place where one had arrived, and to drink this preparation. ‘换水换土’：这个短语描述旅人到他人乡的情况，带来水土不服的危险。为了预防这类不良反应，摩梭旅人习惯水煮一点当地的土，喝下去，为了适应当地的水土。 dʑɯ˧ | mv˩tɕo˧ dɑ˧˥ the water flows downwards 水往下流 waterway. 河流. dʑɯ˩ a verb Tone: La. to_twist_together. 搓. verb. le˧-dʑɯ˩-ze˩ accomp _ pfv 搓了 bæ˩ dʑɯ˩˥ to twist (strings into) a rope 搓绳子 qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ dʑɯ˥ to twist a string, a small rope 搓一根小绳子 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ dʑɯ˥ to twist a little 搓一下 dʑɯ˩-æ̃˩tsɯ˧ noun Tone: L-LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ sandpiper. 鹬. animal. dʑɯ˩dze˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: nɑ˧ ladle_for_food. 舀汤的勺子. object. dʑɯ˩gɤ˩di˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: nɑ˧ shoulder_pole. 扁担. object. dʑɯ˩gv˥ adjective Tone: LH. stooping. 驼背. adjective. dʑɯ˩gv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ water_trough. 水槽. object. pv˩-dʑɯ˩gv˩˥ dʑɯ˩hṽ˧˥ noun Tone: LM+MH#. dough. 浆糊. food. dʑɯ˩-hwæ˩tsɯ˥ noun Tone: L+H#. shrew. 尖鼠. animal. dʑɯ˩kʰi˩ noun Tone: L. water_s_edge. 水边. natural environment. dʑɯ˩kʰv˩ noun Tone: L. moss. 青苔. plant. dʑɯ˩nɑ˩hæ̃˩tʰɑ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: pɤ˩ water_mill. 水磨. object. dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩ noun Tone: L. mountain_area. 深山老林. natural environment. See: dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˩ noun Tone: L. mountain_area. 深山老林. natural environment. See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ noun Tone: L-L#. spring. 水泉. natural environment. dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ | tʰi˧-di˩ there is a spring 有水泉 See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩qʰv˩ noun Tone: L. spring. 水泉. natural environment. See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˥ noun Tone: L+H#. spring. 水泉. natural environment. See: dʑɯ˩pʰæ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ ice. 冰. natural environment. dʑɯ˩qʰæ˩ noun Tone: L. cold_water. 凉水. food. dʑɯ˩qʰwɤ˩-lv˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kɤ˧˥ marsh. 沼泽. natural environment. dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ noun Tone: L. mountain_area. 深山老林. natural environment. See: dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-æ̃˧ noun Tone: L-M. classifier: mi˩ quail. 鹌鹑. animal. dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-bo˧ noun Tone: L-M. classifier: mi˩ wild_boar. 野猪. animal. Syn: bo˩tv#˥ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-dze˧ noun Tone: L-M. wild_pepper. 野花椒. plant. dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-hwɤ˩li˧ noun Tone: L-LM. classifier: mi˩ wild_cat. 野猫. animal. dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-ɬi˩bi˧ noun Tone: L-LM. classifier: ɭɯ˧ Chinese_yam. 山药. plant. dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-zɯ˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: qɑ˩ classifier: po˧ classifier: botte; unité wild_herbs. 野草. plant. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-zɯ˩ ɲi˥. dem _ cop 指示代词 _ 系词 dʑɯ˩si˩ noun Tone: L. oriental_white_oak. 青冈树. plant. Syn: dzi˧dzi˧ dʑɯ˩so˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: pʰæ˧˥ wave. 波浪. natural environment. dʑɯ˩so˩ pʰv˩˥ there is a wave, a wave breaks 有波浪 dʑɯ˩ʂo˥ noun Tone: L+H#. name_of_ritual. 仪式名. religion. dʑɯ˩ʂo˥-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ flour used for ceremonies; it must not contain oatmeal. After the ceremony, it is thrown away (not eaten). 做仪式时所使用的面粉。这种面粉里不要含有燕麦。仪式结束后，面粉被扔掉。 dʑɯ˩tɤ˩ɻ˥ adjective Tone: L+H#. moist. 湿. adjective. dʑɯ˩tɤ˩ɻ˥ gv˩-ze˩ It got wet. 湿了！ dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰɑ˥ noun Tone: L+H#. plum. 梅子. plant. dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰæ˥ noun Tone: L+H#. buckthorn. 沙棘. plant. dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ noun Tone: L. hot_water. 热水. food. dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ʈʰɯ˩di˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: ɭɯ˧ container_for_hot_water. 口杯. object. dʑɯ˩ʈv˧ adjective Tone: LM. to_be_a_hunchback. 驼背. adjective. dʑɯ˩ʈv˧-ze˩ pfv 驼背了 dʑɯ˩zo˩ noun Tone: L. classifier: kʰɯ˩ brook. 溪流. natural environment. dʑɯ˩ʐv˩ verb Tone: L. to_swim. 游泳. verb. dʑɯ˧˥ adjective Tone: MH. many/much. 多. adjective. hĩ˧ dʑɯ˩ There are many people. 人多。