Vatlongos

Glottocode : sout2859 ISO 639-3 : tvk

Vanuatu

Vatlongos is one of the (estimated) 138 vernacular languages of Vanuatu (François et al. 2015: 2–9). With a population of around 275,000 (VNSO 2017), Vanuatu is the most linguistically diverse country in the world, measured by languages per person (Crowley 2000: 50). Vatlongos is spoken within this highly multilingual national context.

Before achieving independence in 1980, Vanuatu was jointly administered by British and French colonial governments as the New Hebrides, a system known as the Condominium. Vanuatu therefore has two coloniser languages, English and French, mostly used for education and employment in international or tourist-facing roles. Despite recent attempts to unify the curriculums (Vanuatu Ministry of Education 2012), the two language-based education systems are largely separate; the regional distribution of the two languages of education reflects the missionary history of the islands.

The official language of Vanuatu is Bislama, a branch of Melanesian Pidgin English that emerged in the context of blackbirding, the primarily forced movement of labour from Melanesian islands to plantations across the Pacific (Crowley 1990). Bislama is now used in law, politics, media, and increasingly education. It is the lingua franca of Vanuatu and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Rather than the colonial languages of English and French, competition with Bislama poses the greatest threat to Vanuatu’s vernacular languages, as it is increasingly used in the key domain of family life (François 2012: 103–106; François et al. 2015: 12).

Vatlongos language

Vatlongos is also known by the toponym Southeast Ambrym, especially in earlier linguistics literature. The name ‘Vatlongos’ was chosen during language development workshops for a Bible translation project (Wycliffe Bible Translators 2015). Most speakers refer to it as ‘language of the Southeast’ or simply by the Bislama term lanwis (‘language’, meaning vernacular languages as opposed to Bislama, English and French). However, the name ‘Vatlongos’ is becoming increasingly popular.

Southeast Ambrym is linguistically and culturally distinct from the rest of Ambrym island. This was remarked by Paton (1971: 119; 1979: viii) and Parker (1968a: 81; 1968b: 27), comparing Vatlongos to Lonwolwol in Northern Ambrym. Research on other Ambrym languages confirms these impressions (von Prince 2012: 2–3; Franjieh 2012: 22–23). Vatlongos is most closely related to Paamese, the language of Paama, an island opposite the southeast of Ambrym.

Clark (2009: 3–4) classifies Vatlongos genetically within Central Vanuatu, descending from Proto North and Central Vanuatu. However, the genealogical grounding of this grouping is not uncontroversial: Lynch (2001) instead suggests that Central Vanuatu languages group to the South, with South-Efate and the languages of Southern Vanuatu and New Caledonia; Ross et al. (2008: 8–10) accept Lynch’s genealogical hierarchy, but also include North-Central Vanuatu as a contact-induced linkage; while François et al. (2015: 11) reject a tree-model to allow for both these groupings. Lynch et al. (2002: 112–114) situate Vatlongos within Central Vanuatu, the Nuclear Southern Oceanic linkage, the Southern Oceanic linkage, and Central/Eastern Oceanic, a primary subgroup of Oceanic. Vatlongos has the major typological characteristics of canonical Oceanic languages as described by Ross(2004): it has nominative-accusative alignment, SVO constituent order, and is head-marking, with subject-indexing by verbal prefixes, and object-indexing by verbal suffixes.

Church-based linguistic interventions have had an impact on language use in Vatlongos communities. The main base for Presbyterian missionaries in the early twentieth century was Paama; Paamese was used as the language of education in mission schools and Bible-study groups for many decades (Frater 1922). The dominance of Paamese in religious life meant that many Vatlongos speakers learnt Paamese during this period, a pattern that Crowley (2000: 122) observed was increasing at the end of the twentieth century. Taveak, the southern-most village in Southeast Ambrym (Figure 4), was the site for the first mission in the region; there could have been some dialect-levelling towards Vatlongos as spoken in Taveak. However, overall, Vatlongos does not seem to have been drastically impacted by the work of early missionaries.

In terms of written Vatlongos resources, hymn books and partial Bible translations have been circulated by Presbyterian groups in the latter half of the twentieth century. A Bible translation was completed in 2015 (Wycliffe Bible Translators 2015), including the New Testament and selections from the Old Testament. As one of the most widely spoken local languages in Vanuatu, Vatlongos is included in the Vanuatu Education Sector Programme (VESP), developing vernacular materials to support the national curriculum (Vanuatu Ministry of Education 2012). Vatlongos materials for the first year of primary school became available in 2017, and for the second and third years of primary school in 2018.

Vatlongos communities

Vatlongos originates in the villages of Southeast Ambrym. The southeast is cut off from the rest of Ambrym island by the volcano at the centre of the island, and tends to be more closely integrated with communities in Paama, which is more easily reached over sea. Intermarriage between villages is common and people in different villages frequently come together for ceremonies and social events such as weddings, funerals, circumcision ceremonies, New Year celebrations and church-related fundraising events. Most villages in Southeast Ambrym are Presbyterian, one is Seventh Day Adventist (Bethel), and these villages tend to use English as a language of education. One village is Catholic (Pamal) and children tend to enter the French language education system. There are five primary schools in the region, and one junior-secondary school which offers classes up to Year 8, so children must go at least as far as North Ambrym or Paama for secondary education.

Figure 1: Map of villages in Southeast Ambrym^[1]

Map_villages_southeast_Ambrym

The northernmost village Endu is at some distance from the other villages. Endu-Vatlongos is recognised by speakers as a separate dialect, discussed in the next section. Endu also has different patterns of language contact: intermarriage with speakers of the language of northern Ambrym (Franjieh 2019) is very common, and these languages are often used in family domains. Endu is also a base for international tourists visiting the volcano, and there are several guesthouses catering for international tourists.

There is also a peri-urban community of Vatlongos speakers on the outskirts of the capital of Vanuatu, Port Vila, on Efate Island. This community relocated from Maat village, Ambrym, in 1951 following a volcanic explosion, and called their new village Mele-Maat, combining the name of their original village on Ambrym with their closest neighbouring village on Efate, Mele. Mele Maat is a large and well-established settlement, and the history of this resettlement and progress of this community have been the subject of anthropological research (Tonkinson 1968; Tonkinson 1979; Tonkinson 1985; Johansen 2012).

Finally, Vatlongos is spoken by people who live in other parts of Port Vila and the other major urban centre in Vanuatu, Luganville on Santo island.

Crowley (2000: 70) estimated the speaker population of Vatlongos at 3700. However, it is likely that the speaker population is lower than this, as Crowley overestimated population growth in the Southeast Ambrym region, and many people marrying into the Mele Maat community don’t tend to learn the language. The total number of speakers is probably around 3000.

Ridge (2018) gives more detail about the sociolinguistic context of Vatlongos.

Regional dialectal variation

Endu-Vatlongos can be distinguished as a regional dialect, opposed to South-Vatlongos spoken in other villages. These dialects are mutually intelligible to a large extent. Only a few elderly speakers in Endu have any comprehension problems with South-Vatlongos, but South-Vatlongos speakers report some difficulty in understanding Endu-Vatlongos. The most salient differences between these two dialects are lexical, including high frequency items. There are also some phonological morphological tendencies that are perceived as indicative of Endu-Vatlongos, although none of them are exclusively used by Endu speakers. These are discussed in detail in Ridge (2019).

There is also some additional dialectal variation within South-Vatlongos. Speakers in Sameo and Ase have some of the features associated with Endu Vatlongos. Elderly speakers in Toak use verb-initial consonant mutation distinctively, used /r/ in contexts where other speakers use /ⁿd/. Toak is also recognised by speakers in other villages as having distinctive prosodic features.

Ridge (2019) gives a lot more detail about variation in Vatlongos, especially differences in how the language is spoken in Mele Maat.

Contents of corpus

Most of the recordings in this corpus were collected between 2014 and 2017 as part of a PhD project at SOAS, University of London investigating variation in the morphology and syntax of verbs, comparing speakers in Mele Maat with other speakers (Ridge 2019). Others were recorded in follow up fieldwork in 2018 and 2020. Since 2020 the researcher’s affiliation is Massey University.

The corpus includes speakers from every Vatlongos-speaking village, and includes both L1 speakers of Vatlongos, and speakers who have acquired Vatlongos as a second language later in life. L2 speakers tend to either be people (usually women) who have married into the community and then learnt Vatlongos as an adult, or some Mele Maat residents who learn Bislama as their first language, and then acquire active use of Vatlongos in adolescence. Men and women of all ages have contributed recordings.

There are both video and audio recordings, depending on speaker preferences, text type and other practicalities. Elicitation sessions are audio only.

The corpus contains a variety of genres and text types. The recordings are mostly monologic, with only a few examples of conversations or interviews included. Examples of genres sorted into text types are listed here:

Narratives

custom stories
children’s stories with animal protagonists
accounts of disasters
oral histories of villages and missions
autobiographies (especially recounting employment history)
funny anecdotes

Procedural texts

instructions for growing crops
instructions for preparing food
instructions to make traditional products (e.g. baskets, mats)
instructions for how to construct buildings

Performances (sometimes with descriptions or related narratives)

sand drawings
rope drawings, sometimes with descriptions or related narratives

Commentaries (a speaker videos an event and gives running commentary (Margetts 2011))

football matches
ceremonies

Oratory

formal speeches at weddings
formal speeches at circumcision ceremonies

Songs (in Vatlongos and in archaic or nonsense varieties associated with songs in Melanesia).

children’s songs
hymns
songs recounting historical events
nursery-rhyme-like poems or chants

Researcher-involved genres mostly consisted of elicitation via translation from Bislama, usually with sets of elicitation questions prepared in advance, including some sections of Johnston’s (1980) elicitation tool for grammar and basic vocabulary in Oceanic languages was also used, using Peter Budd and Kay Johnson’s Bislama translation. These also included grammaticality judgements on Vatlongos sentences, sometimes in short narrative contexts, and other questions about speakers’ metalinguistic knowledge. Translations are transcribed and annotations. Picture and video stimuli tools were also used, including a Frog Story (Mayer 1969), and adapted versions of the Max Planck Institute Cut and Break clips (Bohnemeyer, Bowerman & Brown 2001), using the same semantic dimensions but tools and objects more relevant to a Vanuatu context.

The recordings in the corpus cover a wide range of different topics. Here is a list of keywords which each recording is tagged for:

Animal story; Autobiography; Bible translation; Birds; Blackbirding; Breadfruit; Bushnuts; Business; Cannibalism; Cat; Chicken; Chief; Child; Children; Circumcision; Coconuts; Commentary; Crab; Custom; Custom story; Cut and break; Cyclone; Cyclone; Pam; Devil; Disaster; Disobedience; Dwarf; Earthquake; Education; Eel; Elicitation; Enemies; Experience; Family; Fire; Fishing; Football; Frog story; Funny; Garden; Gospel; Grandchildren; Grandparents; Heron; History; How to; Job; Kava; Laplap; Lopevi; Magic; Mango; Marriage; Mat; Meat; Megapode; Mele Maat; Mission; Nakamal; North Ambrym; Nurse; Old woman; Orders; Origins; Painting; Picture stimuli; Pigeon; Pigs; Race; Rat; Recipe; Rope drawing; Sanddrawing; Santo; Sewing; Shellfish; Ship; Simboro; Snake mother; Snakes; Song; Speech; Sport; Sugarcane; Sunday School; Swallowing; Tongoa; Tourism; Town life; Trick; Turtle; Twins; Unu; Video stimuli; Volcano; Wave; Women; Yam

Data and data structure

Audio is provided in .wav files and videos as .mp4 files.

Time-aligned transcriptions and translations were prepared using SayMore (Moeller 2014), Elan (MPI Nijmegen 2018). Interlinearisation was facilitated by FLEx (FLEx Development Team 2018), and follows the EMELD data structure (EMELD Project 2000; Bow, Hughes & Bird 2003; Hughes, Bird & Bow 2003). All tiers can be selected to display alongside the aligned video or audio on the Pangloss page, and individual recordings and pause units can be linked to.

For some recordings, the only annotation tiers available are transcription in Vatlongos and a Bislama translation. These transcriptions are less carefully checked than for other recordings which have been checked against the lexical database in FLEx, so please contact the depositor if you have any questions.

Spelling system and other conventions

Transcriptions use the following spelling system. Phonemes that are only found in loanwords (usually from Bislama) are marked with an asterisk.

*Grapheme*	*Phoneme* (IPA Symbol)^[2]	*Description*
a, A	a	low central unrounded vowel
b, B	^mb	prenasalised voiced bilabial stop
d, D	ⁿd	prenasalised voiced alveolar stop
e, E	e æ	mid front unrounded vowel low front unrounded vowel
f, F	*f	voiceless labiodental fricative
g, G	^ŋɡ	prenasalised voiced velar stop
h, H	h	voiceless glottal fricative
i, I	i	high front unrounded vowel
j, J	*dʒ	voiced post-alveolar affricate
k, K	k	voiceless velar stop
l, L	l	alveolar lateral
m, M	m	bilabial nasal
n, N	n	alveolar nasal
ng, Ng	ŋ	velar nasal
o, O	o	mid back rounded vowel
p, P	p	voiceless bilabial stop
r, R	r	alveolar tap or trill
s, S	s	voiceless alveolar fricative
t, T	t	voiceless alveolar stop
u, U	u	high back rounded vowel
v, V	β	labial fricative
w, W	*w	labiovelar approximant
x, X	χ	velar fricative
z, Z	*z	voiced alveolar fricative

The grapheme <a> also represents the /æ/ vowel in forms based on the very common basic motion verb ha ‘go’. When it undergoes verb-initial consonant mutation to occur as ba, ma or va the vowel is realised as /æ/. Rather than create another homograph for the homophones he ‘copular’ and he ‘go to’, the ‘a’ grapheme is used for all the inflected forms of this root.

Some suggested changes to this orthography are under discussion in the community, including using a diacritic to represent the sixth vowel /æ/, and representing the prenasalised stops with digraphs and trigraphs: <mb>, <nd> and <ngg>.

Punctuation and capitalisation follow English conventions. In addition, disfluencies in speech are marked with a comma, and the trailing ellipsis (…) is reserved for a distinctive prosodic pattern associated with durative markers.

Glossing abbreviations follow Leipzig glossing rules (Bickel, Comrie & Haspelmath 2015), with the following additions:

*Gloss*	*Meaning*
adjzr	adjectiviser
apr	apprehensive mood
cl	possessive classifier stem
come	prior motion towards deictic centre, grammaticalized ‘come’
cont	continuous aspect (=progressive and habitual aspect)
contr	contrastive
dfut	distant future
dr	drinkable and mats/bedding (possessive classifier)
dom	domestic: plants, animals, land (possessive classifier)
ed	edible (possessive classifier)
fut	future (ambiguous between ifut and dfut)
gen	general (possessive classifier)
go	prior motion away from deictic centre, grammaticalized ‘go’
hes	hesitation
ifut	immediate future
inch	inchoative aspect
ind	‘indicative’ – the verb-initial consonant mutation form that occurs in non-future, affirmative polarity
instr	instrument
min	minimiser
nfut	non-future tense
nmlzr	nominalizer
part	partitive
pc	paucal number
poss	possessor
pri	prior relative tense
real	realis (in Vatlongos, non-future and prior)
red	reduplication
sub	subordinator
subj	subject
tr	transitiviser
v2	subsequent verb in a complex predicate

Permissions and consent

The Pangloss deposit contains the subset of the overall Vatlongos corpus where speakers have given consent for their recordings to be freely accessible on the internet. All speakers were asked initially for their overall consent to take part in the project, then after a recording were asked to complete a metadata interview which included detailed consent for access to recordings. The complete list of questions is available in (Ridge 2019). For speakers who are children, a parent or guardian was also required to give consent.

Where speakers have agreed to archiving but not open access, recordings will be archived with Paradisec and access made available upon request to researchers and community members in line with the speaker’s preferences.

Permissions for recording were also obtained from chiefs in individual villages when possible, and from the Vanuatu Cultural Centre, where materials are also archived.

Acknowledgements

In addition to all the speakers who have contributed to the corpus, I would like to thank Bell Mansen, Elder Simeon Ben and Madleen Ben for their tireless work transcribing recordings and translating them into Bislama. I would like to thank all of them and also Elder Saksak Ruben for organising recording sessions, recruiting participants, conducting metadata interviews, and helping with analysis, as well as their hospitality and care during feedback.

I would also like to thank April Upfold, a student at Massey University, for her help with typing up transcriptions and translations, data entry into the lexical database, interlinearisation and tagging, as well as other data processing tasks to prepare the updated corpus for archiving, as part of a summer scholarship in 2020-2021.

I would like to thank the Vanuatu Culture Centre for their support, and especially Henline Mala.

The collection and processing of this corpus was supported by funding from the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (doctoral scholarship: AH/K5032771), a mobility grant from Labex EFL to visit to Lacito CNRS in January-March 2018, and a Massey University Research Fund grant.

^[1] This map was produced using terrain map tiles from Stamen (2018), and the following R packages: ggmap (Kahle & Wickham 2013); ggplot2 (Wickham 2016); ggrepel (Slowikowski 2018)

^[2](Decker 1999)

Resources in or about Vatlongos and Vatlongos communities

Blevins, Juliette & John Lynch. 2009. Morphological Conditions on Regular Sound Change?: A Reanalysis of* l-loss in Paamese and Southeast Ambrym. Oceanic Linguistics 48(1). 111–129. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20542834

Crowley, Terry. 1991. Parallel development and shared innovation: Some developments in Central Vanuatu inflectional morphology. Oceanic Linguistics 30(2). 179–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3623087

Crowley, Terry. 2002. Southeast Ambrym. In John Lynch, Malcolm D. Ross & Terry Crowley (eds.), The Oceanic languages (Curzon Language Family Series), 660–670. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.

Inkelas, Sharon & Cheryl Zoll. 2005. Reduplication: Doubling in morphology (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 106). Cambridge University Press. pp. 54-57.

Johansen, Gry Krath. 2012. Yu Blong Wea? An anthropological study of Vanuatu land struggle. University of Copenhagen Master’s thesis.

Lynch, John. 2008. Liquid vocalization and loss in Central Vanuatu. Oceanic Linguistics 47(2). 294–315. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20542817

Parker, Gary J. 1968a. Southeast Ambrym phonology. Oceanic Linguistics 81–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3622894

Parker, Gary J. 1968b. Southeast Ambrym verb inflection and morphophonemics. In A. Capell, Gary J. Parker & A. J. Schütz (eds.), Papers in linguistics of Melanesia (Pacific Linguistics Series A 15).

Parker, Gary J. 1970a. Southeast Ambrym Dictionary (Pacific Linguistics Series C 17). Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Australian National University.

Parker, Gary J. 1970b. Morphophonemics of inalienable nouns in Southeast Ambrym. Oceanic Linguistics 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/3622929

Ridge, Eleanor. 2018. Language contexts: Vatlongos, Southeast Ambrym (Vanuatu). Language Documentation and Description 15. 87–122. http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/15/ldd15_04.pdf

Ridge, Eleanor. 2019. Variation in Vatlongos verbal morphosyntax: speaker communities in Southeast Ambrym and Mele Maat. London, UK: SOAS, University of London PhD Thesis. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/32205

Ridge, Eleanor. 2020. Morphosyntactic and functional asymmetries in Vatlongos discourse demonstratives. In Åshild Næss, Anna Margetts & Yvonne Treiss (eds.), Demonstratives in discourse. Language Science Press. https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/282

Tonkinson, Robert. 1968. Maat village, Efate: a relocated community in the New Hebrides. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.

Tonkinson, Robert. 1979. The paradox of permanency in a resettled New Hebridean Community. Mass Emergencies 4. 105–116.

Tonkinson, Robert. 1981. Sorcery and social change in Southeast Ambrym, Vanuatu. Social Analysis 8. 105–116.

Tonkinson, Robert. 1982. National identity and the problem of Kastom in Vanuatu. Mankind 13. 306–315.

Tonkinson, Robert. 1985. Forever Ambrymese? Identity in a Relocated Community. Pacific Viewpoint 26(1). 139–159.

Tonkinson, Robert. 2011. The research context in New Hebrides-Vanuatu. In J. Taylor & Nicholas Thieberger (eds.), Working together in Vanuatu: research histories, collaborations, projects and reflections, 12–26. Australian National University.

Wycliffe Bible Translators. 2015. The New Testament in the Southeast Ambrym Language of Vanuatu: Vanuvei Eo e sepinien Vatlongos na mol-Vatimol xil. Wycliffe. https://pacificbibles.org/details.php?id=tvk

Other references

Bickel, Balthasar, Bernard Comrie & Martin Haspelmath. 2015. The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php.

Bohnemeyer, Jürgen, Melissa Bowerman & Penelope Brown. 2001. Cut and break clips. In Stephen C. Levinson & Nick J. Enfield (eds.), Manual for the field season 2001, 90–96. Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.

Bow, Catherine, Baden Hughes & Steven Bird. 2003. A Four-Level Model for Interlinear Text. http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/33786.

Clark, Ross. 2009. * Leo tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages (Pacific Linguistics 603). Australian National University.

Crowley, Terry. 1982. The Paamese language of Vanuatu (Pacific Linguistics Series B 87). Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Australian National University.

Crowley, Terry. 1990. Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: The emergence of a national language in Vanuatu. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Crowley, Terry. 2000. The Language Situation in Vanuatu. Current Issues in Language Planning 1(1). 47–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200008668005.

Crowley, Terry. 2004. The question of dialect and language in Oceania. In John Bowden & Nikolaus P. Himmelmann (eds.), Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology (Pacific Linguistics), 3–20. Canberra: Australian National University.

Decker, Donald M. 1999. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press.

EMELD Project. 2000. Electronic Metastructures for Endangered Language Documentation. http://emeld.org/.

FLEx Development Team. 2018. FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx). SIL International. https://software.sil.org/fieldworks/.

François, Alexandre. 2012. The dynamics of linguistic diversity: egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2012(214). 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022.

François, Alexandre, Michael Franjieh, Sébastien Lacrampe & Stefan Schnell. 2015. The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu. In The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity (Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia (SLIM) 5), 1–21. Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access.

Franjieh, Michael. 2019. The languages of northern Ambrym, Vanuatu: A guide to the deposited materials in ELAR. University of Hawaii Press. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24849 (12 February, 2021).

Franjieh, Michael J. 2012. Possessive classifiers in North Ambrym, a language of Vanuatu: explorations in semantic classification. London: SOAS, University of London PhD Thesis.

Frater, M. 1922. Midst volcanic fires: an account of missionary tours among the volcanic islands of the New Hebrides. London: James Clarke & Co. Ltd.

Hughes, Baden, Steven Bird & Catherine Bow. 2003. Encoding and presenting interlinear text using XML technologies. In Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003, 61–69. Melbourne, Australia. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/U/U03/U03-1008.

Johnston, Raymond Leslie. 1980. Grammar and basic vocabulary in Oceanic Austronesian languages: A standard elicitation schedule. Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Kahle, David & Hadley Wickham. 2013. ggmap: Spatial visualizaiton with ggplot2. The R Journal 5(1). 144–161.

Lynch, John. 2001. Article Accretion and Article Creation in Southern Oceanic. Oceanic Linguistics 40(2). 224–246. https://doi.org/10.2307/3623439.

Lynch, John, Malcolm D. Ross & Terry Crowley (eds.). 2002. The Oceanic Languages (Curzon Language Family Series). Vol. 1. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.

Margetts, Anna. 2011. Filming with native speaker commentary. In Documenting endangered languages: achievements and perspectives (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 240), 321–338. De Gruyter Mouton.

Mayer, Mercer. 1969. Frog, where are you? New York: Dial Press.

Moeller, Sarah Ruth. 2014. SayMore, a tool for language documentation productivity. Language Documentation and Conservation 8. 66–74.

MPI Nijmegen. 2018. ELAN. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Language Archive.

Paton, W. F. 1971. Ambrym (Lonwolwol) Grammar (Pacific Linguistics Series B 19). Australian National University.

Paton, W. F. 1979. Customs of Ambrym: texts, songs, games, drawings. (Pacific Linguistics Series D 22). Australian National University.

Prince, Kilu von. 2012. A grammar of Daakaka. Berlin: Humboldt University PhD Thesis.

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Ross, Malcolm D., Andrew Pawley & Meredith Osmond (eds.). 2008. The lexicon of Proto Oceanic. The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Vol. 3 Plants. 5 vols. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.

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Resources

DOI	Duration	Title	Researcher(s)	Speaker(s)	Date
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000001	00:01:21	A story about bible translation	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Simeon Ben	2014-11-16
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000003	00:01:13	A story about bible translation 2	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Simeon Ben	2014-11-16
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000005	00:01:53	Wild yam and yam	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000007	00:00:30	Wild yam and yam 2	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000009	00:01:11	Wild yam and yam 5	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000011	00:02:21	Wild yam and yam 6	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000013	00:01:43	Wild yam and yam 7	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000015	00:01:40	Wild yam and yam 8	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000017	00:00:48	Wild yam and yam 9	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000019	00:02:26	Wild yam and yam 10	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000021	00:02:41	Wild yam and yam 10	Ridge, Eleanor	Elder Saksak Ruben	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000024	00:14:31	The crab and the rat	Ridge, Eleanor	Lik Simelum	2014-10-27
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000026	00:02:11	Talking to children	Ridge, Eleanor	Chief Albea David	2014-10-28
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000028	00:01:53	How to make laplap and catch fish	Ridge, Eleanor	Rosie Obed — Bell Mansen	2014-10-28
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000030	00:00:44	How to make laplap and catch fish	Ridge, Eleanor	Rosie Obed — Bell Mansen	2014-10-28
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000032	00:04:37	Growing manioc	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Bell Mansen	2014-10-30
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000034	00:01:09	Making kava	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Riana Aram	2014-11-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000036	00:04:26	Where yam comes from	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Rina Joel	2014-11-06
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000038	00:03:17	Bible translation	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Timothy Tania Holiu	2014-11-07
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000040	00:01:13	Sewing machine	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-11
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000042	00:01:24	Chief's Day	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Masing Saul Sesel	2015-03-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000044	00:00:51	Making kava	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Riana Aram	2014-11-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000046	00:00:48	Preparing meat	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Joram Mael	2014-11-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000048	00:03:22	The lost boy	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Chief Abel Ditamat	2014-11-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000050	00:17:19	Volcano Tour	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Philomen Paul	2014-11-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000052	00:05:34	The history of Mele Maat	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Rosie Obed	2014-11-17
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000054	00:00:50	Mama's market story	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Margaret Keka	2014-11-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000056	00:05:42	Custom story	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Bell Mansen — Elder Simeon Ben — Jenny — Walter	2014-12-08
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000058	00:02:07	The hen and the bush turkey	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Merian Taso	2014-12-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000060	00:02:45	Three ways to prepare laplap simboro	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000062	00:00:50	Sand drawing about twins	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000064	00:00:57	The boy and his grandfather	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000066	00:03:17	How to fish	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Obed Jacob	2014-12-15
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000068	00:01:26	How to make a mat	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Hinak	2014-12-15
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000070	00:01:27	Preparing crabs	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-16
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000072	00:02:14	A mission to Santo	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Leian Tambon	2014-12-18
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000074	00:05:29	How the gospel came to Moru	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Elder Eikem Joe	2014-12-18
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000076	00:02:27	How the rat got its tail	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lydia Mael	2014-12-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000078	00:03:16	The pigeon and the heron	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Sopa Ezekiel — Lengal	2014-12-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000080	00:06:47	An allegory about birds	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Elder Sali Hotip	2014-12-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000082	00:00:34	Rope shapes	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben — Barbara	2014-12-22
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000084	00:01:14	Story about 1964	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Madleen Ben	2014-12-23
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000086	00:05:10	Custom marriage	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lik Simelum — Bell Mansen	2015-02-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000088	00:12:28	Life history	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lik Simelum — Bell Mansen	2015-02-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000090	00:07:34	Recent earthquake	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Jim Tony	2015-02-26
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000092	00:02:08	Shark Sand Drawing	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — Peter Resen — Esra	2015-02-28
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000094	00:04:45	The formation of the islands	Ridge, Eleanor	Lona Lesi	2015-03-02
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000096	00:04:01	Breadfruit	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Saksak Ruben	2015-03-03
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000098	00:03:07	Women's work	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Riana Aram	2015-03-03
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000100	00:02:23	Recent volcanic eruption	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Mael Tony	2015-03-03
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000102	00:04:25	The forbidden stream	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lilon	2015-03-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000104	00:02:43	Old woman curses her grandchild	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Maggie	2015-03-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000106	00:04:22	Chief's Day	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Masing Saul Sesel	2015-03-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000108	00:04:01	Blackbirding	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Gabriel	2015-03-05
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000110	00:04:30	Cyclone Pam	Ridge, Eleanor	Meriam Roy	2015-04-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000112	00:01:40	Baby Pam	Ridge, Eleanor	Merry Lulu	2015-04-13
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000114	00:01:06	Baby Pam	Ridge, Eleanor	Merry Lulu	2015-04-13
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000116	00:01:51	Cyclone Pam in Endu store	Ridge, Eleanor	Aram Luke	2015-04-17
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000118	00:00:25	Rescue of a baby during cyclone Pam	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Awel Matin Manses	2015-04-15
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000120	00:06:24	Rescue of a baby during cyclone Pam	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Awel Matin Manses	2015-04-15
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000122	00:06:48	Cyclone Pam in houses in Mele Maat	Ridge, Eleanor	Bell Mansen	2015-04-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000124	00:05:08	Cyclone Pam in Moru	Ridge, Eleanor	Madleen Ben	2015-04-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000126	00:04:23	Education	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Philip	2017-01-19
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000128	00:03:14	A journey to North Ambrym	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Maena	2017-01-26
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000130	00:03:13	The Unus	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Elder Simeon Ben — John Fred Masing	2017-02-17
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000132	00:06:39	Working on a ship	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Jacob Uru	2017-02-18
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000134	00:06:47	Church history of Pamal	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Fred	2017-02-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000136	00:02:48	How the volcano moved to Lopevi	Ridge, Eleanor	Johnson	2017-02-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000138	00:05:28	The origin of the volcano	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Karolin Malat	2017-02-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000140	00:03:47	The girl who fell in a hole	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lilon — Rosna	2017-02-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000142	00:02:40	The rat's boy	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Joe Tungon	2017-02-21
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000144	00:05:15	The dwarf who ate birds	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Chief Isaiah Masing	2017-02-22
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000146	00:10:22	The volcano pig of Lopevi	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Jim Moloul Isaiah	2017-02-22
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000148	00:04:47	The snoring volcano shell	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Nina	2017-02-22
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000150	00:06:50	On a ship during cyclone Uma	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Obed Petuel	2017-02-22
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000152	00:19:55	Working in Tourism	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Roy Morris	2017-02-24
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000154	00:03:09	Working as a kindy teacher	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Emily Rangimen	2017-03-15
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000156	00:04:43	Working as a nurse	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Bell Mansen — Lehi Lucy Willie	2017-03-20
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000158	00:00:15	The fat baby's escape	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lamael Pong — Lin — Penapo Kindy	2017-03-31
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000160	00:07:43	Custom story	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lamael Pong — Lin — Penapo Kindy	2017-03-31
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000162	00:06:23	Autobiography	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Bell Mansen — Madleen Ben — Kalsa Mael	2017-04-07
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000164	00:02:10	An introduction	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Gina Simelum	2017-04-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000166	00:01:47	An introduction	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lesni Simelum	2017-04-12
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000168	00:16:27	Education in Mele Maat	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — John Enoch Rangimen	2017-04-13
https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0000170	00:06:13	Running a business	Ridge, Eleanor	Ridge, Eleanor — Lesbeth David	2017-04-13